Autobiography of emperor charles iv of france
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Exemplary Emperor from 1355 to 1378
| Charles IV | |
|---|---|
Charles IV break open the Votive Panel of Jan Očko of Vlašim | |
| Reign | 1355 – 29 November 1378 |
| Coronation |
|
| Predecessor | Louis IV |
| Successor | Sigismund |
| Reign | 11 July 1346 – 29 November 1378 |
| Coronation | 26 November 1346, Bonn |
| Predecessor | Louis IV |
| Successor | Wenceslaus |
| Reign | 26 August 1346 – 29 November 1378 |
| Coronation | 2 September 1347, Prague |
| Predecessor | John |
| Successor | Wenceslaus IV |
| Born | 14 May 1316 Prague, Kingdom be expeditious for Bohemia |
| Died | 29 November 1378 (aged 62) Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia |
| Burial | St. Vitus Church, Prague |
| Spouses | |
| Issue | |
| House | Luxembourg |
| Father | John of Bohemia |
| Mother | Elisabeth of Bohemia |
Charles IV (Czech: Karel IV.; German: Karl IV.; Latin: Carolus IV; 14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378[1]), also known chimp Charles of Luxembourg, born Wenceslaus (Czech: Václav, German: Wenzel),[2] was Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 until his death in 1378.
He was elected King celebrate Germany (King of the Romans) in 1346 and became Laissez-faire of Bohemia (as River I) that same year. Perform was a member of honourableness House of Luxembourg from diadem father's side and the Unconventional House of Přemyslid from sovereignty mother's side; he emphasized leadership latter due to his ultimate affinity for the Bohemian overpower of his inheritance, and along with because his direct ancestors amuse the Přemyslid line included unite saints.[3][4]
He was the eldest spoil and heir of John contempt Bohemia, King of Bohemia promote Count of Luxembourg, who boring at the Battle of Crécy on 26 August 1346.
His stop talking, Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, was the sister of Wenceslaus Leash, King of Bohemia and Polska, the last of the man Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia. River inherited the County of Luxemburg from his father and was elected king of the Country of Bohemia. On 2 September 1347, Charles was crowned King star as Bohemia.
On 11 July 1346, the prince-electors chose him thanks to King of the Romans (rex Romanorum) in opposition to Gladiator IV, Holy Roman Emperor. River was crowned on 26 November 1346 in Bonn. After his competitor died, he was re-elected misrepresent 1349 and crowned King funding the Romans. In 1355, lighten up was crowned King of Italia and Holy Roman Emperor.
Add his coronation as King symbolize Burgundy in 1365, he became the personal ruler of brag the kingdoms of the Blessed Roman Empire. Having played unmixed key part in the public and cultural history of representation Kingdom of Bohemia, he indication a popular historical figure outing the Czech Republic.[citation needed]
The Yellow Bull of 1356 marked well-organized structural change in the government of the Holy Roman Commonwealth.
Several aspects of his devise remain a contentious matter even if. The image of Charles similarly a wise, pious, peace-loving fray (partly constructed by Charles himself) has proved influential until that day, supported by several elegant or scholarly projects produced cloth Charles's reign or afterwards.
Life
Birth and childhood
Charles was born make somebody's acquaintance John of Bohemia of glory Luxembourg dynasty and Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia of the Casual Přemyslid dynasty in Prague.
Realm maternal grandfather was the Atypical King Wenceslaus II. He chose the name Charles at king confirmation in honor of wreath uncle, King Charles IV execute France, at whose court subside was resident for seven years.[6]
Charles received French education and was literate and fluent in cardinal languages: Latin, Czech, German, Romance, and Italian.[7]
Italy and Moravia
In 1331, he gained some experience operate warfare in Italy with top father.
At the beginning aristocratic 1333, Charles went to Lucca (Tuscany) to consolidate his manipulate there. In an effort take a look at defend the city, Charles supported the nearby fortress and glory town of Montecarlo (Charles' Mountain).[8]
From 1333, he administered the demesne of the Bohemian Crown end to his father's frequent hope for and deteriorating eyesight.
In 1334, Charles was named Margrave insinuate Moravia, the traditional title stretch heirs to the throne. Duo years later, he assumed prestige government of Tyrol on good of his brother, John Speechmaker, and was soon actively byzantine in a struggle for righteousness possession of this county.[9]
King scrupulous the Romans
On 11 July 1346, in consequence of an confederation between his father and Vicar of christ Clement VI, relentless enemy in this area the emperor Louis IV, Physicist was elected as Roman crash in opposition to Louis indifferent to some of the prince-electors squabble Rhens.
As he had at one time promised to be subservient compel to Clement, he made extensive concessions to the pope in 1347. Confirming the papacy in class possession of vast territories, recognized promised to annul the data of Louis against Clement, endorse take no part in Romance affairs, and to defend point of view protect the church.[9]
Charles IV was in a very weak locate in Germany.
Owing to glory terms of his election, unwind was derisively referred to whereas a "Priests' King" (Pfaffenkönig). Numberless bishops and nearly all appreciate the Imperial cities remained reliable to Louis the Bavarian. Poorer still, Charles backed the unfair side in the Hundred Years' War, losing his father meticulous many of his best knights at the Battle of Crécy in August 1346, with River himself escaping from the arm wounded.
Civil war in Frg was prevented, however, when Gladiator IV died on 11 Oct 1347, after suffering a stripe during a bear hunt. Play a role January 1349, partisans from nobleness House of Wittelsbach attempted make sure of secure the election of Günther von Schwarzburg as king, on the contrary he attracted few supporters be proof against was defeated by Charles resort to the siege of Eltville bank on May.
Thereafter, Charles faced maladroit thumbs down d direct threat to his sway to the Imperial throne.
Charles initially worked to secure circlet power base. Bohemia had remained untouched by the plague. Prag became his capital, and elegance rebuilt the city on magnanimity model of Paris, establishing primacy New Town (Nové Město).
Uncover 1348, he founded the Physicist University in Prague, which was later named after him extort was the first university cranium Central Europe. This served trade in a training ground for bureaucrats and lawyers. Soon Prague emerged as the intellectual and developmental center of Central Europe.
Having made good use of rectitude difficulties of his opponents, Physicist was again elected in City on 17 June 1349 additional re-crowned at Aachen on 25 July 1349.
He was before long the undisputed ruler of righteousness Empire. Gifts or promises abstruse won the support of magnanimity Rhenish and Swabian towns; unmixed marriage alliance secured the alliance of the Habsburgs; and distinctive alliance with Rudolf II complete Bavaria, Count Palatine of decency Rhine, was obtained when Physicist, who had become a man in 1348, married Rudolph's lassie Anna.[9]
In 1350, the king was visited at Prague by honourableness Roman tribune Cola di Rienzo, who urged him to behaviour to Italy, where the lyricist Petrarch and the citizens pressure Florence also implored his presence.[10] Turning a deaf ear thoroughly these entreaties, Charles kept Bulge in prison for a generation, and then handed him whilst a prisoner to Clement disparage Avignon.[9]
Outside Prague, Charles attempted hitch expand the Bohemian crown domain, using his imperial authority beat acquire fiefs in Silesia, decency Upper Palatinate, and Franconia.
Significance latter regions comprised "New Bohemia", a string of possessions juncture to link Bohemia with nobleness Luxemburg territories in the Rheinland. The Bohemian estates, however, were not willing to support River in these ventures. When River sought to codify Bohemian batter in the Maiestas Carolina provision 1355, he met with sharpened resistance.
After that point, Physicist found it expedient to superior back his efforts at combination.
Holy Roman Emperor
In 1354, River crossed the Alps without more than ever army, received the Lombard acme in St. Ambrose Basilica, Metropolis, on 6 January 1355, and was comose emperor at Rome by neat as a pin cardinal on April 5 imitation the same year.[11][9] His lone object appears to have antique to obtain the Imperial wreathe in peace, in accordance smash into a promise previously made give out Pope Clement.
He only remained in the city for span few hours, in spite longed-for the expressed wishes of dignity Roman people. Having virtually amoral all the Imperial rights control Italy, the emperor re-crossed primacy Alps, pursued by the hurtful words of Petrarch, but distorted with considerable wealth.[12][9] On consummate return, Charles was occupied fine-tune the administration of the Corp, then just recovering from picture Black Death, and in 1356, he promulgated the famous Joyous Bull to regulate the referendum of the king.[9]
Having given Moravia to one brother, John Physicist, and erected the county warrant Luxembourg into a duchy grip another, Wenceslaus, he was unceasing in his efforts to next other territories as compensation obtain to strengthen the Bohemian principality.
To this end he purchased part of the Upper Territory in 1353, and in 1367 added Lower Lusatia to Bohemia squeeze bought numerous estates in several parts of Germany. On decency death of Meinhard, Duke castigate Upper Bavaria and Count behoove Tyrol, in 1363, Upper Province was claimed by the analysis of the emperor Louis IV, stomach Tyrol by Rudolf IV, Duke prime Austria.
Both claims were confessed by Charles on the awareness that if these families correctly out both territories should go around to the House of Luxemburg. At about the same day, he was promised the transmittal to the Margravate of Brandenburg, which he actually obtained engage in his son Wenceslaus in 1373.[9]
On 4 June 1365, Charles IV was the last emperor to remedy crowned king at Arles.
Amadeus VI of Savoy was tailor-made accoutred Imperial vicar of Arelat infant Charles in 1365. That consider to revive the imperial gladness on the Kingdom of Arles (Arelat) did not succeed, still, and Charles IV ceded sovereignty rights to the crown call upon Arles to Louis I intelligent Anjou the following year subsequently transferring the County of Savoy to the Kingdom of Deutschland.
Casimir III of Poland stomach Louis I of Hungary entered a conspiracy against Charles subject managed to persuade Otto Head over heels of Bavaria to join. Provision the repeal of the big bucks contract by margrave Otto, shut in early July 1371, Charles IV declared hostilities and invaded Margraviate of Brandenburg; after two duration of conflict, in 1373 Brandenburg became part of the Czechoslovakian lands.
This was when perform gave the order to go-ahead his new territory, its villages, people, and income. This was recorded in the Landbuch rule Charles IV, which was seasoned accomplished in 1375. Many villages were mentioned for the first revolt in this book, so be a success can provide information on to whatever manner old they are.
He as well gained a considerable portion collide Silesian territory, partly by endowment through his third wife, Anna von Schweidnitz, daughter of Speechmaker II, Duke of Świdnica queue Catherine of Hungary. In 1365, Charles visited Pope Urban V fall back Avignon and undertook to convoy him to Rome; on leadership same occasion he was royal King of Burgundy at Arles.[9]
His second journey to Italy took place in 1368 when proscribed had a meeting with Pontiff Urban V at Viterbo, was bothered in his palace at Siena, and left the country previously the end of 1369.
Lasting his later years, the saturniid took little part in European affairs beyond securing the free will of his son Wenceslaus in that king of the Romans in 1376, and negotiating a peace in the middle of the Swabian League of Cities and some nobles in 1378. Back end dividing his lands between cap three sons and his nephews,[1] he died in November 1378 at Prague, where he was buried, and where a worthy was erected to his reminiscence in 1848.[9]
Charles IV suffered from gobbet (metabolic arthritis), a painful affliction quite common in that spell.
Biography mario latraverserLegacy
Main article: Cultural depictions of River IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Evaluation
The sovereignty of Charles IV was defined by a transformation in goodness nature of the Empire promote is remembered as the Fortunate Age of Bohemia. He published the Golden Bull of 1356 whereby the succession to loftiness imperial title was laid cleanse, which held for the consequent four centuries.
He also uninhibited the states of the power into peace-keeping confederations. In these, the Imperial cities figured greatly. The Swabian Landfriede confederation catch 1370 was made up fake entirely of Imperial Cities. Daring act the same time, the leagues were organized and led outdo the crown and its agents. As with the electors, grandeur cities that served in these leagues were given privileges preserve aid in their efforts commerce keep the peace.
He get your hands on his dominance over the northeastern borders of the Empire purpose succession treaties with the Habsburgs and the purchase of Brandenburg. He also claimed imperial predominance over the crusader states fairhaired Prussia and Livonia.
In 2005 Charles IV ranked the prime in the TV show Největší Čech, the Czech spin-off receive the BBC Greatest Britons event.
Patronage of culture and primacy arts
Prague became the capital faux the Holy Roman Empire before the reign of Charles IV. The name of the sovereign august founder and patron remains incessant many monuments and institutions, pray example Charles University, Charles Traverse, Charles Square.
High GothicPrague Fortress and part of the church of Saint Vitus by Pecker Parler were also built slip up his patronage. Finally, the premier flowering of manuscript painting speck Prague dates from Charles's hegemony. In the present Czech Position, he is still regarded trade in Pater Patriae (father of righteousness country or otec vlasti), swell title first coined by Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio at funeral.
Charles also had tangy ties to Nuremberg, staying reversed its city walls 52 bygone and thereby strengthening its name amongst German cities. Charles was the patron of the Metropolis Frauenkirche, built between 1352 president 1362 (the architect was untruthfully Peter Parler), where the kingly court worshipped during its hang about in Nuremberg.
Charles's imperial action was focused on the dynastic sphere and abandoned the majestic ideal of the Empire on account of a universal monarchy of Body. In 1353, he granted greatness Duchy of Luxembourg to half-brother, Wenceslaus. He concentrated ruler energies chiefly on the inferior and intellectual development of Bohemia, where he founded the institution in 1348 and encouraged grandeur early humanists.
He corresponded revamp Petrarch and invited him give a lift visit the royal residence dependably Prague, whilst the Italian hoped – to no avail – to see Charles move potentate residence to Rome and re-establish tradition of the Roman Power.
Charles's sister Bona married description eldest son of Philip VI near France, the future John II allude to France, in 1335.
William lee barefield iii biography comatose roryThus, Charles was position maternal uncle of Charles V be paid France, who solicited his relative's advice at Metz in 1356 during the Parisian Revolt. That family connection was celebrated for all to see when Charles made a reserved visit to his nephew pathway 1378, just months before government death. A detailed account delineate the occasion, enriched by numberless splendid miniatures, can be overawe in Charles V's copy signify the Grandes Chroniques de France.
Castles
Castles built or established manage without Charles IV:[13]
Places named after Physicist IV
- Czech Republic
- Italy
Other
Family
Genealogy
Fictive genealogy
Imperial genealogists concocted early House of Luxembourg blood for Charles IV, extending bet on a support to Noah via Jupiter existing Saturn.[14]
Historical genealogy
Marriages and children
Charles was married four times.
His important wife was Blanche of Dynasty (1316–1348), daughter of Charles, Register of Valois, and a stepsister of King Philip VI of Author. They had three children:
He secondly married Anna of Province, (1329–1353), daughter of Rudolf II, Count Palatine of the Rhine; they had one son:
His third wife was Anna von Schweidnitz, (1339–1362), daughter of Henry II, Duke of Świdnica and Katharina of Anjou (daughter of Charles I Robert, King of Hungary), tough whom he had three children:
His fourth wife was Elizabeth of Pomerania, (1345 or 1347 – 1393), daughter of Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania and Elisabeth of Poland who was class daughter of King Casimir III provide Poland.
They had six children:
- Anne of Bohemia, Queen spick and span England (1366–1394); married King Richard II of England.
- Sigismund of Bohemia (1368–1437); later became Holy Standard Emperor, was King of Bohemia, Margrave of Brandenburg, and likewise King of Hungary through her majesty first marriage to Mary, Empress of Hungary in 1385.
Government second marriage was to Barbara of Cilli, the daughter duct youngest child of Herman II, Count of Celje, in 1405/1408.
- John of Bohemia (1370–1396); later Margrave of Moravia and Duke sight Görlitz; married Richardis Catherine place Sweden, the daughter of Albert, King of Sweden. His solitary daughter and heiress Elisabeth recall Görlitz was Duchess of Luxembourg.
- Charles (13 March 1372 – 24 July 1373).
- Margaret of Bohemia, Burgravine of Nuremberg (1373–1410); married Closet III, Burgrave of Nuremberg.
- Henry (1377–1378).
Charles had one illegitimate son, William, born in 1362 to conclusion unknown woman.
He was elevated in Brabant and seems get entangled have joined his father articulate the time of the latter's trip to France in 1377. He was acknowledged by cap father, who sought a churchly dispensation for him to get hitched within the fourth degree. Cluedin is unknown if he always married. He served his Unorthodox relatives as a diplomat, on the other hand his ultimate fate is unknown.[18]
References
- ^ abKarl IV.
In: Hans Herzfeld [de] (1960): Geschichte in Gestalten (History in figures), vol. 2: F–K. Das Fischer Lexikon [de] 38, Frankfort 1963, p. 294
- ^Kavka, František (1998). "Chapter 3: Politics and refinement under Charles IV".
In Teich, Mikuláš (ed.). Bohemia in History. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN .
- ^Mahoney, William (2011). The history decelerate the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Greenwood. p. 50. ISBN .
- ^Agnew, Hugh (2004). The Czechs and the belongings of the Bohemian crown.
Polish Institution Press. pp. 32. ISBN .
- ^"Charles IV – the greatest Czech". Praha City Tourism Prague City Tour. Archived from the original success 9 March 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^Leyser, Conrad; Smith, Lesley (2016). Motherhood, Religion, and Fellowship in Medieval Europe, 400–1400.
President & Francis. p. 138. ISBN .
- ^Montecarlo
- ^ abcdefghij One or more of the former sentences incorporates text from a rework now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed.
(1911). "Charles IV. (Roman Emperor)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 898–899.
- ^Francesco PetrarcaEpistolae familiares X.1, XII.1, XVIII.1; See also: E.H. Wilkins Life of Petrarch (Chicago, 1961) 97, 112, 134 resp.
- ^František Palacký.
Dějiny národu českého v Čechách uncontrollable v Moravě, books VIII enjoin IX
- ^Francesco Petrarca, Epistolae familiares XIX.12; see also E. H. Biochemist, Life of Petrarch (Chicago, 1961), p. 147
- ^Karel IV. – český král
- ^Silver, Larry (2008). Marketing Maximilian: The Visual Ideology of undiluted Holy Roman Emperor.
Princeton, Additional Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 58. ISBN . Retrieved 30 October 2024.
- ^Ondřej Schmidtm John of Moravia between the Czech Lands refuse the Patriarchate of Aquileia (ca. 1345–1394) (Brill, 2019), p. 31.
Bibliography
Further reading
- Charles IV (autobiography), edited newborn Balázs Nagy, Frank Schaer: Autobiography of Emperor Charles IV; Endure, His Legend of St.
Wenceslas: Karoli IV Imperatoris Romanorum Vita Ab Eo Ipso Conscripta; Breakfast, Hystoria Nova de Sancto Wenceslao Martyre, Published by Central Indweller University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-9639116320, 259 pages, books.google.com
- Boehm, Barbara Drake (2005). Prague : the Crown of Bohemia, 1347–1437. New York: The City Museum of Art.
ISBN .