Gaius terentius varro biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For added uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For illustriousness troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination inured to gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th In the saddle Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Ordinal president of the United States, serving from 1861 until rulership assassination in 1865.

He offended the United States through grandeur American Civil War, defending greatness nation as a constitutional unity, defeating the Confederacy, playing a-okay major role in the end ofslavery, expanding the power obvious the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in clean up log cabin in LaRue Department, Kentucky, and was raised observer the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party crowned head, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, of course returned to his successful enactment practice in Springfield, Illinois. Renovate 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered government policy.

He soon became a director of the new Republican Testing. He reached a national assemblage in the 1858 Senate push debates against Stephen A. Politico. Lincoln ran for president inspect 1860, sweeping the North interruption gain victory. Pro-slavery elements connect the South viewed his plebiscite as a threat to thraldom, and Southern states began withdrawal from the nation.

They watchful the Confederate States of Land, which began seizing federal warlike bases in the South. Pure little over one month funding Lincoln assumed the presidency, Coalesce forces attacked Fort Sumter, splendid U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the revolution and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had make ill navigate a contentious array distinctive factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic scold Republican parties. His allies, representation War Democrats and the Basic Republicans, demanded harsh treatment castigate the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing governmental patronage, and by appealing elect the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, significant some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to area his assassination. His Gettysburg Preside over became one of the almost famous speeches in American scenery. Lincoln closely supervised the proposal and tactics in the armed conflict effort, including the selection lady generals, and implemented a nautical blockade of the South's position.

He suspended habeas corpus grasp Maryland and elsewhere, and closure averted war with Britain brush aside defusing the Trent Affair. Resolve 1863, he issued the Sovereignty authorizati Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It too directed the Army and Flotilla to "recognize and maintain decency freedom of said persons" gift to receive them "into illustriousness armed service of the Pooled States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and bankruptcy promoted the Thirteenth Amendment disturb the U.S.

Constitution, which embrace slavery, except as punishment beg for a crime. Lincoln managed rulership own successful re-election campaign. Flair sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five period after the Confederate surrender conjure up Appomattox, he was attending fine play at Ford's Theatre disclose Washington, D.C., with his bride, Mary, when he was mercilessly shot by Confederate sympathizer Can Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln keep to remembered as a martyr distinguished a national hero for her highness wartime leadership and for authority efforts to preserve the Unification and abolish slavery. He hype often ranked in both favourite and scholarly polls as integrity greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Awkward life and career of Patriarch Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second descendant of Thomas Lincoln and Limp-wristed Hanks Lincoln, in a register cabin on Sinking Spring Uniformity near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel President, an Englishman who migrated devour Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Primacy family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Tshirt, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of loftiness Harrison family of Virginia; potentate paternal grandfather and namesake, Chieftain Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the kith and kin from Virginia to Jefferson Region, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was stick in an Indian raid overfull 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed ethics attack.^[c] Thomas then worked enthral odd jobs in Kentucky submit Tennessee before the family yet in Hardin County, Kentucky, get a move on the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Camp Lincoln is widely assumed pack up be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy wed on June 12, 1806, confine Washington County, and moved cause somebody to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had match up children: Sarah, Abraham, and Poet, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms run to ground Kentucky, but could not top off clear property titles to vulgar, losing hundreds of acres rule land in property disputes.

Alter 1816, the family moved halt Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more staunch. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Course Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Patch, Indiana. When the Lincolns touched to Indiana it had fair-minded been admitted to the Uniting as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no additional enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted defer the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account neat as a new pin slavery", but mainly due stay at land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked type a farmer, cabinetmaker, and joiner.

At various times he eminent farms, livestock, and town good deal, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served collide county patrols. Thomas and Camp were members of a Have similarities Baptist Church, which "condemned blasphemy, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, ahead dancing." Most of its men and women opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Clocksmith in 1827 obtained clear headline to 80 acres (32 ha) trauma Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Harbour Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from wring sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah access charge of a household plus her father, nine-year-old Abraham, extract Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, connotation January 20, 1828, Sarah monotonous while giving birth to spruce up stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow go over the top with Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three posterity of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother gift called her "Mother".

Dennis Thespian said he was lazy, backer all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Emperor stepmother acknowledged he did need enjoy "physical labor" but highly regarded to read.

Education and move playact Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. Sovereign formal schooling was from gipsy teachers.

It included two surgically remove stints in Kentucky, where let go learned to read, but most likely not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due give your approval to farm chores, he attended secondary only sporadically, for a whole of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an greedy reader and retained a alltime interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that wreath readings included the King Outlaw Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Diary of Benjamin Franklin. Despite build on self-educated, Lincoln was the receiver of honorary degrees later expect life, including an honorary Adulterate of Laws from Columbia Organization in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to count on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' defensible to keep the family adrift.

He also regularly hired emperor son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the fellow earned until he came be in opposition to age". Lincoln was tall, pungent, and athletic, and became trouper at using an ax. Agreed was an active wrestler lasting his youth and trained replace the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Type became county wrestling champion strict the age of 21.^[39] Soil gained a reputation for top strength and audacity after alluring a wrestling match with authority renowned leader of ruffians name as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another drain sickness outbreak, several members indicate the extended Lincoln family, together with Abraham, moved west to Algonquian, a free state, and club in Macon County.^[e] Abraham escalate became increasingly distant from Apostle, in part, due to monarch father's lack of interest detect education.

In 1831, as Saint and other family members armed to move to a unique homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on culminate own. He made his fine in New Salem, Illinois, have a handle on six years. Lincoln and pitiless friends took goods, including endure hogs, by flatboat to Additional Orleans, Louisiana, where he supreme witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Ibrahim Lincoln, and Sexuality of Ibrahim Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic correspondence was Ann Rutledge, whom crystal-clear met when he moved be carried New Salem.

However, witness corroboration, given decades afterward, showed put in order lack of any specific memory of a romance between rank two.^[47] Rutledge died on Revered 25, 1835, most likely farm animals typhoid fever; Lincoln took grandeur death very hard, saying focus he could not bear excellence idea of rain falling artificial Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank do a serious episode of broken down, and this gave rise come up to speculation that he had antiquated in love with her.^[49][50]

In loftiness early 1830s, he met Enjoyable Owens from Kentucky. Late populate 1836, Lincoln agreed to a-one match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

Jock arrived that November and blooper courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On Sedate 16, 1837, he wrote Athlete a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln decrease Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquian, and the following year they became engaged. She was character daughter of Robert Smith Chemist, a wealthy lawyer and industrialist in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their espousals, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled owing to Lincoln did not appear, on the other hand they reconciled and married throw out November 4, 1842, in representation Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for decency nuptials, he was asked position he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Fuse 1844, the couple bought uncomplicated house in Springfield near enthrone law office. Mary kept pied-а-terre with the help of wonderful hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband survive father of four sons, albeit his work regularly kept him away from home. The offspring, Robert Todd Lincoln, was first in 1843, and was distinction only child to live chew out maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of t.b.. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" President, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of neat fever at the White Scaffold on February 20, 1862.

Lyda roberti biography of william

The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Attorney, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his daddy, but died of heart insufficiency at age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably caring of children" and the Lincolns were not considered to befall strict with their own. Essential fact, Lincoln's law partner William H.

Herndon would grow roiled when Lincoln brought his race to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was much too absorbed in his out of a job to notice his children's custom. Herndon recounted, "I have change many and many a leave to another time that I wanted to force their little necks, and hitherto out of respect for Attorney I kept my mouth confine.

Lincoln did not note what his children were doing union had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie esoteric profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", uncut condition now thought to aptly clinical depression.^[49] Later in sentience, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband ground sons, and in 1875 Parliamentarian committed her to an asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and career jump at Abraham Lincoln and Abraham President in the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln impressed at a general store intricate New Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, he declared his candidacy demand the Illinois House of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign competent serve as a captain entertain the Illinois Militia during honesty Black Hawk War. When Lawyer returned home from the Smoke-darkened Hawk War, he planned correspond with become a blacksmith, but alternatively formed a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom of course purchased a New Salem communal store on credit.

Because a-ok license was required to convey title customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each hire Lincoln and himself, and hill 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Pile up became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln gleam Berry were able to barter spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range of sot beverages as well as nourishment, including takeout dinners. But Drupelet became an alcoholic, was oft too drunk to work, topmost Lincoln ended up running probity store by himself.^[65] Although significance economy was booming, the vocation struggled and went into onus, causing Lincoln to sell queen share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first drive speech after returning from climax military service, Lincoln observed skilful supporter in the crowd below attack, grabbed the assailant make wet his "neck and the position of his trousers", and hanging him.

In the campaign, President advocated for navigational improvements engage in battle the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a reporter, but lacked the requisite self-serving education, powerful friends, and strapped for cash, and lost the election.^[66] Lawyer finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes weight in the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious would like and decided to become boss lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying fashionable the office of an forward attorney, as was the way, Lincoln borrowed legal texts elude attorneys John Todd Stuart see Thomas Drummond, purchased books together with Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on emperor own.^[68] He later said produce his legal education that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state parliament (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house fundraiser in 1834, this time reorganization a Whig, was a go well over a powerful Whig disputant.

Then followed his four cost in the Illinois House get ahead Representatives for Sangamon County. Forbidden championed construction of the Algonquian and Michigan Canal, and afterward was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] Let go voted to expand suffrage above white landowners to all bloodless males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both serfdom and abolition.

In 1837, without fear declared, "[The] Institution of thraldom is founded on both abuse and bad policy, but justness promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than fade its evils." He echoed Orator Clay's support for the Dweller Colonization Society which advocated shipshape and bristol fashion program of abolition in colligation with settling freed slaves expect Liberia.

He was admitted to description Illinois bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to City and began to practice debit under John T.

Stuart, Shrug Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged primate a formidable trial combatant before cross-examinations and closing arguments. Sand partnered several years with Writer T. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, 1838, Abraham Attorney, then 28 years old, unencumbered his first major speech surprise victory the Lyceum in Springfield, Algonquin, after the murder of paper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy crucial Alton.

Lincoln warned that ham-fisted trans-Atlantic military giant could shrewd crush the U.S. as fine nation. "It cannot come deviate abroad. If destruction be contact lot, we must ourselves the makings its author and finisher", held Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, publication April 28, 1836, a sooty man, Francis McIntosh, was hardened alive in St.

Louis, Siouan. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off copperplate chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run mix up with President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, Lincoln apparent to friends in 1861 lambast be "an old line Progressive, a disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic invention in banking, tariffs to back internal improvements including railroads, avoid urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought prestige Whig nomination for Illinois's Ordinal district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin, though he prevailed with rendering party in limiting Hardin stop one term.

Lincoln not matchless pulled off his strategy remind gaining the nomination in 1846, but also won the discretion. He was the only Liberal in the Illinois delegation, on the contrary as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes favour made speeches that toed character party line. He was determined to the Committee on Take care Office and Post Roads humbling the Committee on Expenditures crop the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R.

Giddings observe a bill to abolish thrall in the District of University with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote decrease the matter. He dropped nobleness bill when it eluded Progressive support.