Location of himalayas on world map

Mountain range in Asia, separating Indo-Gangetic plain from Tibetan Plateau

This concept is about a mountain lay out. For other uses, see Himalaya (disambiguation).

The Himalayas
The crescent of the Himalayas showing picture eight-thousanders (in red); Indo-Gangetic Plain; Tibetan plateau; rivers Indus, River, and Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra; and say publicly two anchors of the organize (in yellow)
Peak	Mount Everest, Nepal/China
Elevation	8,848.86 m (29,031.7 ft)
Coordinates	27°59′N86°55′E Recite 27.983°N 86.917°E / 27.983; 86.917
Length	2,400 km (1,500 mi)
Area	595,000 km2 (230,000 sq mi)
Countries	[a]
Continent	Asia
Orogeny	Alpine orogeny
Rock age	Cretaceous correspond with Cenozoic
Rock types

The Himalayas, or Himalaya (HIM-ə-LAY-ə, hih-MAH-lə-yə)^[b] is a pike range in Asia, separating rendering plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau.

Loftiness range has several peaks extraordinary an elevation of 8,000 m (26,000 ft) including Mount Everest, the topmost mountain on Earth. The mass range runs for 2,400 km (1,500 mi) as an arc from west-northwest to east-southeast at the circumboreal end of the Indian subcontinent.

The Himalayas occupy an residence of 595,000 km² (230,000 sq mi) across shock wave countries–Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan.

The sovereignty admire the range in the Cashmere region is disputed among Bharat, Pakistan, and China. It psychiatry bordered by the Karakoram distinguished Hindu Kush ranges on primacy northwest, Tibetan Plateau in illustriousness north, and by the Indo-Gangetic Plain in the south. Disloyalty western anchor Nanga Parbat deception south of the northernmost turn of the Indus river ground its eastern anchor Namcha Barwa lies to the west ceremony the great bend of rendering Yarlung Tsangpo River.

The Range consists of four parallel load ranges: the Sivalik Hills bump the south; the Lower Himalayas; the Great Himalayas, which evenhanded the highest and central range; and the Tibetan Himalayas televise the north. The range varies in width from 350 km (220 mi) in the north-west to 150 km (93 mi) in the south-east.

The Himalayan range is one albatross the youngest mountain ranges crowd Earth and is made prevention of uplifted sedimentary and hemimetabolic rocks. It was formed complicate than 10 mya due nod to the subduction of the Asiatic tectonic plate with the Asiatic Plate along the convergent edge. Due to the continuous irritability of the Indian plate, ethics Himalayas keep rising every period, making them geologically and seismically active.

The mountains consist pencil in large glaciers, which are residue of the last ice latitude, and give rise to dire of the world's major rivers such as the Indus, River, and Tsangpo–Brahmaputra. Their combined discharge basin is home to not quite 600 million people including 52.8 million living in the zone of the Himalayas.

The sector is also home to profuse endorheic lakes.

The Himalayas own a major impact on integrity climate of the Indian subcontinent. It blocks the cold winds from Central Asia, and plays a significant roles in inflaming the monsoons. The vast dimensions, varying altitude range, and difficult topography of the Himalayas lapse in a wide range confiscate climates, from humid and subtropic to cold and dry worth conditions.

The mountains have extremely shaped the cultures of Southbound Asia and Tibet. Many Enormous peaks are considered sacred beyond various Indian and Tibetan religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Faith, and Bon. Hence, the summits of several peaks in birth region such as Gangkhar Puensum, Machapuchare, and Kailash have bent off-limits to climbers.

Etymology

The reputation of the range is different from the Sanskrit word Himālaya (हिमालय) meaning 'abode of snow'.^[4][5][6] It is a combination medium the words hima (हिम) role 'frost/cold' and ālaya (आलय) thrust 'dwelling/house'.^[7][8] The name of greatness range is mentioned as Himavat (Sanskrit: हिमवत्) in older letters such as the Indian epicMahabharata, which is the personification assert the Hindu deity Himavan.^[9] Picture mountain range is known slightly Himālaya in Hindi and Indic (both written हिमालय),^[10]Himalaya (ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ་) acquire Tibetan,^[11]Himāliya (سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ) jacket Urdu,^[12]Himaloy (হিমালয়) in Bengali,^[13] take Ximalaya (simplified Chinese: 喜马拉雅; stock Chinese: 喜馬拉雅; pinyin: Xǐmǎlāyǎ) coop up Chinese.^[14] It was mentioned introduce Himmaleh in western literature much as Emily Dickinson's poetry mount Henry David Thoreau's essays.^[15][16]

Geography bracket topography

See also: List of Range peaks and passes and Staggering Rim

The Himalayas run as strong arc for 2,400 km (1,500 mi) strip west-northwest to east-southeast at authority northern end of the Amerindic subcontinent, separating the Indo-Gangetic Slow from the Tibetan Plateau.

Prospect is bordered by the Chain and Hindu Kush ranges volunteer the northwest, which extend record Central Asia.^[1][17] Its western plant Nanga Parbat lies south detailed the northernmost bend of position Indus river in Pakistan-administered Cashmere and its eastern anchor Namcha Barwa lies to the westside of the great eastern undulation of the Yarlung Tsangpo Forth in Tibet Autonomous Region beat somebody to it China.

The Himalayas occupies put down area of 595,000 km² (230,000 sq mi) strip six countries – Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. The sovereignty of the distribution in the Kashmir region crack disputed amongst India, Pakistan, dispatch China. The range varies blot width from 350 km (220 mi) locked in the north-west to 150 km (93 mi) in the south-east.^[1][18] The extent has several peaks exceeding undecorated elevation of 8,000 m (26,000 ft) counting Mount Everest, the highest hatful on Earth at 8,848 m (29,029 ft).^[19]

Sub-ranges

The Himalayas consist of four analogous mountain ranges from south analysis north: the Sivalik Hills correspond the south; the Lower Himalayas; the Great Himalayas, which practical the highest and central range; and the Tibetan Himalayas possible the north.^[20][21]

The Sivalik Hills warp the lowest sub-Himalayan range lecturer extends for about 1,600 km (990 mi) from the Teesta River relish the Indian state of Sikkim to northern Pakistan.

The title derives from Sanskrit meaning "Belonging to Shiva", which was fundamental used to denote the 320 km (200 mi) stretch from Haridwar with the Beas River. The division is about 16 km (9.9 mi) wide-open on average and the eminence ranges from 900–1,200 m (3,000–3,900 ft).

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It rises along honourableness Indo-Gangetic Plain and is oftentimes separated from the higher yankee sub-ranges by valleys. The accommodate portion of the range admiration called Churia Range in Nepal.^[23]

The Lower or Lesser Himalaya (also known as Himachal) is class lower middle sub-section of say publicly Himalayas.

It extends almost down the entire length of influence Himalayas and is about 75 km (47 mi) wide. It is mainly composed of rocky surfaces captivated has an average elevation noise 3,700–4,500 m (12,100–14,800 ft).^[24] The Greater Chain (also known as Himadri) come up the highest section of prestige Himalayas and extend for bother 2,300 km (1,400 mi) from northern Pakistan to northern Arunachal Pradesh multiply by two India.

The sub-range has proposal average elevation of more pat 6,100 m (20,000 ft) and contains myriad of the world's tallest peaks, including Everest. It is predominantly composed of granite rocks.^[25] Depiction Tibetan Himalayas (also known although Tethys) form the northern heavyhanded sub-range of the Himalayas of great consequence Tibet.^[21][26]

Divisions

Longitudinally, the range is publicly divided into three regions–western, dominant, and eastern.

The Western Range form the westernmost section chuck out the range and extend back about 560 km (350 mi) from depiction bend of the Indus Pour along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border sector in the north-west to interpretation Satlej river basin in Bharat in the south-east. Most replicate the region lies in righteousness Kashmir territory disputed between Bharat and Pakistan with certain portions of the Indian state take possession of Himachal Pradesh.

The Indus forms the division between the Flight of fancy Himalayas and the Karakoram annoyed to the north. The Love affair Himalayas include the Zanskar, Pir Panjal Ranges, and parts ingratiate yourself the Sivalik and Great Chain. The western anchor Nanga Parbat is the highest point nervous tension the region at 8,126 m (26,660 ft).^[28] It is also referred Punjab, Kashmir or Himachal Himalyas be bereaved west to east locally.^[29]

The middle Himalayas or Kumaon extend yearn about 320 km (200 mi) along position state of Uttarakhand in ad northerly India from the Sutlej Series in the east to influence Kali River in the westmost.

The region comprises parts cut into Sivalik and Great Himalayas. Afterwards lower elevations below 2,400 m (7,900 ft), the region has a sun-drenched climate and consists of irreversible settlements. At elevations higher mystify 4,300 m (14,100 ft), permanent snow caps cover the Great Himalayas mess up the highest peaks being Nanda Devi at 7,817 m (25,646 ft) presentday Kamet at 7,756 m (25,446 ft).

Interpretation region is also the inception of major streams of rendering Ganges river system.^[30]

The Eastern Chain form the eastern most extend of the range and comprise of the states of gifts of Tibet in China, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, parts time off other North East Indian states and north West Bengal suspend India, entirety of Bhutan, hit the highest point regions of central and adjust Nepal, and most of position western lowlands in Nepal.^[31] Primacy eastern Himalayas broadly consists mock two regions–the western Nepal Range and the eastern Assam Himalayas.^[1][29] The Nepal Himalayas forms loftiness centre of the Himalayan veer and extend for 800 km (500 mi) between the Kali and Teesta Rivers.

The Great Himalayas attach importance to the region form the supreme extreme part of the entire Range and consist of many dear the eight-thousanders including Everest, Kinchinjunga at 8,586 m (28,169 ft), and Makalu at 8,463 m (27,766 ft). These state host large glaciers that organization the source of various rivers of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river road.

The high altitude regions unwanted items uninhabitable with few mountain passes inbetween that serve as crossovers with the human settlements call a halt the lower valleys.^[32]

The Assam Himalaya forms the eastern most sub-section that extends eastward for 720 km (450 mi) from the Indian affirm of Sikkim through Bhutan jaunt north-east India past the Dihang River to the India-Tibet column.

The highest peak is justness eastern anchor Namcha Barwa finish even 7,756 m (25,446 ft). The region abridge the source of many suggest the tributaries of the River River and consists of senior mountain passes such as Nathu La, and Jelep La.^[33] Elapsed the Dihang valley, the wilderness extend as Purvanchal mountain get close to across the eastern boundary accept India.^[29]

Geology

Main article: Geology of rectitude Himalayas

The Himalayan range is defer of the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consists of uplifted sedimentary and hemimetabolous rock.

According to the fresh theory of plate tectonics, gifted was formed as a conclusion of a continental collision trip orogeny along the convergent border between the India and Continent Plates. During the Jurassic edit (201 to 145 mya), ethics Tethys Ocean formed the rebel border of then existent Continent landmass. When the super-continent Gondwana broke up nearly 180 mya, the Indo-Australian plate slowly drifted northwards towards Eurasia for 130–140 million years.^[34] The Indian Mass broke up with the Aussie Plate about 100 mya.^[35] Influence Tethys ocean constricted as description Indian plate moved gradually uphill.

As both the plates were made of continental crusts, which were less dense than aquatic crusts, the increased compressive revive resulted in folding of prestige underlying rock bed. The face faults created between the folds resulted in granite and basalt rocks from the Earth's disguise protruding through the crust.

Extensive the paleogene period (about 50 mya), the Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate sustenance it completely closed the Titaness ocean gap.^[34][37]

The Indian plate continuing to subduct under the Eurasiatic plate over the next 30 million years that resulted top the formation of the Asiatic plateau.

During miocene (20 mya), the increasing collision between position plates resulted in the good thing layer of metamorphic rocks derivation peeled, which moved southwards calculate form nappes with trenches wrench between. As the mountains usual rainfall, the waters flowing disorderly the mountains eroded and steepened the southern slopes.

The dirt deposited by these rivers illustrious streams in the trough among the Himalayas and the Deccan plateau formed the Indo-Gangetic Level. About 0.6 mya in leadership pleistocene period, the Himalayas pink higher and became the supreme extreme mountains on Earth. In description northern Great Himalayas, new gneiss and granite formations emerged comedy crystalline rocks that gave watercourse to the higher peaks.^[34]

The apex of Mount Everest is undemanding of unmetamorphosed marine ordovicianlimestone be fossil trilobites, crinoids, and ostracods from the Tethys ocean.^[39] Honesty upliftment of the Himalayas occurred gradually and as the Amassed Himalayas became higher, they became a climatic barrier and trackless the winds, which resulted bind lesser precipitation on the doomed slopes.

The lower slopes enlarged to be eroded by authority rivers, which flowed in distinction gaps between the mountains pointer the folded lower Shivalik Hills and the Lesser Himalayas were formed due to the downwarping of the intermediate lands. Brief streams ran between the faults within the mountains until they joined the major river systems in the plains.

Intermediate valleys such as Kashmir and Katmandu were formed from temporary lakes that were formed during epoch, which dried up later.^[34]

The Steep region is made up gaze at five geological zones– the Sub-Himalayan Zone bound by the Carry on Frontal Thrust and the Continue Boundary Thrust (MBT); the Cooperative Himalayan Zone between the MBT and the Main Central Advantage (MCT); the Higher Himalayan Area beyond the MCT; the Tethyan Zone, separated by the Southerly Tibetan Detachment System; and honesty Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone, where representation Indian plate is subducted further down the Asian plate.

The Arakan Yoma highlands in Myanmar enthralled the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal were also formed as regular result of the same architectonic processes that formed the Himalayas.^[42] The Indian plate continues march be driven horizontally at rendering Tibetan Plateau at about 67 mm (2.6 in) per year, forcing enter into to continue to move aid.

About 20 mm (0.79 in) per vintage is absorbed by thrusting legislative body the Himalaya southern front, which leads to the Himalayas mutiny by about 5 mm (0.20 in) go rotten year.^[43] This makes the Range region geologically active and high-mindedness movement of the Indian layer into the Asian plate arranges the region seismically active, cardinal to earthquakes from time just now time.^[45]

The northern slopes of influence Himalayas have a thicker contemptible cover than the southern slopes due to the lesser handful of rivers and streams.

These soils are loamy and funding dark brown in colour, service are covered with forests prickly the lowlands and grassland meadows in the mid altitudes. Rendering composition and texture of dignity soils in the Himalayas as well vary across regions. In blue blood the gentry Eastern Himalayas, the wet soils have a high humus suffice conducive for growing tea.

Podzolic soils occur in the orient range of the Indus pond between the Indus and Shyok Rivers. The Ladakh region give something the onceover generally dry with saline contemptible while fertile alluvial soils take place in select river valleys much as the Kashmir valley. Class higher elevations consist of stone fragments and lithosols with too low humus content.^[34]

Hydrology

Glaciers

The Himalayas leading the Central Asian mountain ranges consist of the third-largest cling on to of ice and snow take the world, after the Cold and Arctic regions.^[46] It decline often referred to as decency "Third Pole" as it encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which depot about 12,000 km³ (2,900 cu mi) of at a standstill water.^[47][48] The South Col contemporary Khumbu Glacier in the Not enough Everest region are amongst honesty world's highest glaciers.^[49] The Gangotri which is 32 km (20 mi) apologize and is one of primacy largest glaciers, is one slow the sources of the River.

The Himalayan glaciers show hefty variation in the rate cataclysm descent. The Khumbu moves value 1 ft (0.30 m) daily compared feel certain other glaciers which hurl about 6 ft (1.8 m) per day.^[50]

During the last ice age, all over was a connected ice draw of glaciers between Kangchenjunga double up the east and Nanga Parbat in the west.^[51] The glaciers joined with the ice haul network in the Karakoram improvement the west, the Tibetan inner ice in the north, skull came to an end basal an elevation of 1,000–2,000 m (3,300–6,600 ft) in the south.

While high-mindedness current valley glaciers of distinction Himalaya reach at most 20–32 km (12–20 mi) in length, several sun-up the main valley glaciers were 60–112 km (37–70 mi) long during dignity ice age.^[52][53] The glacier snowline (the altitude where accumulation tube ablation of a glacier percentage balanced) was about 1,400–1,660 m (4,590–5,450 ft) lower than it is in the present day.

Thus, the climate would enjoy been at least 7.0–8.3 °C (12.6–14.9 °F) colder than it is today.^[54]

Since the late 20th century, scientists have reported a notable enlarge on in the rate of glacier retreat across the region because a result of climate change.^[55][56] The rate of retreat varies across regions depending on representation local conditions.

Since 1975, trim marked increase in the beating of glacial mass from 5–13 Gt/yr to 16–24 Gt/yr has been observed with an considered 13% overall decrease in polar coverage in the Himalayas.^{[47][57][58][59]} Dignity resulting climate variations and vacillations in hydrology could affect significance livelihoods of the people emit the Himalayas and the plane below.^[60]

Rivers

Despite its greater size, justness Himalayas does not form neat water divide across its stretch duration because of the multiple glide systems that cut across character range.

While the mountains were formed gradually, the rivers concurrently cut across deeper gorges ample from 1,500–5,000 m (4,900–16,400 ft) in cosy up and 10–50 km (6.2–31.1 mi) in diameter. The actual water divide legend to the north of greatness Himalayas with rivers flowing place both the sides of nobleness mountains.

Some of the older river systems and their efflux system outdate the formation elder the mountains itself. The spa water divide is formed by depiction Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges on the west and interpretation Ladakh Range on the easternmost, separating the Indus system distance from Central Asia. On the eastside, Kailas and Nyenchen Tanglha Boondocks separate the Brahmaputra river means from the Tibetan rivers delude the north.

There are 19 major rivers in the Chain which form part of grandeur two major river systems be proper of Ganges-Brahmaputra, which follow an eastern course and Indus, which gos next a north-westerly course.^[50]

• The Indus Tank container extends from the western abbreviate of the range and has a catchment area of basically 450,000 km² (170,000 sq mi).

  The river rises near Lake Manasarovar in Thibet and flows westward joining authority Zanskar and Shyok Rivers. Ethics five major tributaries of Indus–Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej join the Indus in distinction Punjab region spread across Bharat and Pakistan. These five rivers constitute a watershed area disregard about 132,000 km² (51,000 sq mi).

  The runnel system drains across the Enormous region in Kashmir, before taking through the Punjab Plains fairy story later forms the Indus Delta near the India-Pakistan border in the past joining the Arabian sea.^[61][62]

• The Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin extends from the north-eastern part of the Himalayas dig its eastern edge.

  The practice has an average discharge show signs 30,770 m² (331,200 sq ft), which is rank third greatest of the world's river systems and forms significance largest alluvial deposits in say publicly world with nearly 1.84 slues tonnes of silt deposited the whole number year. The Ganges is botuliform by five head streams vacation which the major ones bear witness to the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi origination at Gangotri in Uttarakhand.^[63] Mess up Himalayan rivers that form depiction major tributaries of the River include Yamuna, Ramganga, Ghaghara, Rapti, Gandaki, Bagmati, and Kosi, which together drain about 218,000 km² (84,000 sq mi) of area.

  The Brahmaputra arises in the Tibetan region melodic eastwards before making a roll towards south into India. Birth Teesta, Raidak, Manas form say publicly major tributaries of the River and together drain 184,000 km² (71,000 sq mi) of catchment area.^[50][64] The River and Brahmaputra join together beforehand forming the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta cover across India and Bangladesh purpose nearly 60,000 km² (23,000 sq mi) is character largest in the world.^[65]

The circumboreal slopes of Gyala Peri skull the peaks beyond the Tsangpo drain into the Irrawaddy Glide, which originates in eastern Sitsang and flows south through Burma to drain into the Andaman Sea.

The Salween, Mekong, Yangtze, and Yellow Rivers all introduction from parts of the Himalayish Plateau, north of the unexceptional water divide. These are wise distinct from the Himalayan milestone and are known as circum-Himalayan rivers.^[66]

Lakes

See also: List of Highland lakes in India

The Himalayan neighborhood has multiple lakes across different elevations including endorheicfreshwater and salted colourful lakes.

The geology of justness lakes vary across geographies concomitant on various factors such importation altitude, climate, water source, very last lithology. Tarns are high loftiness mountain lakes situated above 5,500 m (18,000 ft) and are formed especially by the snow-melt of authority glaciers. The lower altitude lakes are replenished by a constitution of rains, underground springs, soar streams.

Large lakes in nobleness Himalayan basin were formed lay hands on the holocene period, when aqua pooled in the faults see the water supply was next cut off.^[67][68]

There are more already 4500 high altitude lakes mislay which about 12 large lakes contribute to more than 75% of the total lake honour in the Indian Himalayas.^[67]Pangong Basin spread across India and Ware is the highest saline socket in the world at break off altitude of 4,350 m (14,270 ft) nearby amongst the largest in integrity region with a surface phase of 700 km² (270 sq mi).^[69] Spread bear 189 km² (73 sq mi), Wular Lake abridge amongst the largest fresh bottled water lakes in Asia.^[70] Other ample lakes include Tso Moriri, stomach Tso Kar in Ladakh, Nilnag, and Tarsar Lake, in Jammu and Kashmir, Gurudongmar, Chholhamu, most important Tsomgo Lakes in Sikkim, Tilicho, Rara, Phoksundo, and Gokyo Lakes in Nepal.^[67][71][72] Some of loftiness Himalayan lakes present the chance of a glacial lake effusion flood as they have fully fledged considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting.^[73] While these lakes support spiffy tidy up range of ecosystems and shut down communities, many of them stay put poorly studied in terms neat as a new pin their hydrology and biodiversity.^[67][74]

Climate

Main article: Ecology of the Himalayas

Due with respect to its location and size, ethics Himalayas acts as a climatical barrier which affects the climate conditions of the Indian subcontinent and the regions north time off the range.^[75] The mountains clutter spread across more than shipment degrees of latitude and therefore includes a wide range make acquainted climatic zones including sub-tropical, cool, and semi-arid.

The climate quandary a region is determined unresponsive to factors such as altitude, amplitude, and the impact on downpour. There are generally five seasons: summer, monsoon, autumn or post-monsoon, winter, and spring.^[77] The summertime in April-May is followed unwelcoming monsoon rains from June soft-soap September.

The post monsoon patch is largely devoid of ground and snow before beginning personage cold winters in December-January involve intermediate spring before the summer.^[75] There are localised wind energy systems at high altitudes contingent in heavy winds.

Temperature

Due to betrayal high altitude, the range blocks the flow of cold winds from the north into rectitude Indian subcontinent.^[75] This causes illustriousness tropical zone to extend out of range north in South Asia overrun anywhere else in the sphere.

The temperatures are more definite in the Brahmaputra valley occupy the eastern section as drive out lies at a lower spread and due to the potential heat of the forced intercession from the Bay of Bengal which condenses before moving earlier the Namcha Barwa, the orient anchor of the Himalayas. Oral exam to this, the permanent pull a fast one on line is among the farthest in the world, at usually around 5,500 m (18,000 ft) while a sprinkling equatorial mountains such as pavement New Guinea, the Rwenzoris, accept Colombia, have a snow door at 900 m (3,000 ft) lower.^[81][82]

As righteousness physical features of mountains drain irregular, with broken jagged build, there can be wide flux in temperature over short distances.

The temperature at a situation is dependent on the stint, orientation and bearing with see to the Sun, and high-mindedness mass of the mountain. Though the Sun is the elder contributor to the temperature, surge is often directly proportional relax the received radiation from leadership Sun with faces receiving many sunlight having a higher torridity buildup.

In narrow valleys halfway steep mountain faces, the sickly conditions may differ significantly seriousness both the margins. The boondocks act as heat islands courier heavier mountains absorb and hold fast more heat than the scenery, and therefore influences the become of heat needed to cork the temperature from the iciness minimum to the summer utmost.

However, soil temperatures mostly wait the same on both loftiness sides of a mountain affluence altitudes higher than 4,500 m (14,800 ft).

Temperatures in the Himalayas reduce fail to notice 2 °C (3.6 °F) primed every 300 m (980 ft) increase illustrate altitude.^[85] Higher altitudes invariably consider low temperatures.

In the Condition Himalayas, Darjeeling at an stature of 1,945 m (6,381 ft) has turnout average minimum temperature of 11 °C (52 °F) during the month get into May, while the same has been recorded as −22 °C (−8 °F) at an altitude of 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Everest. Decompose lower altitudes, the temperature comment pleasantly warm during the summers.

During winters, the low-pressure withstand systems from the west provoke heavy snowfall.^[75]

Precipitation

There are two periods of precipitation with most ad infinitum the rainfall occurring during say publicly post summer season and assuage amount during the winter storms.^[75] The Himalayan range obstructs rectitude path of the south westward monsoon winds, causing heavy downpour on the slopes and rank plains below.

The effect be in the region of Himalayas on the hydroclimate impacts millions in the plains bit the variability in monsoon drizzle is the main factor ultimate wet and dry years.^[86] Similarly the Himalayas force the cloudburst winds to give up ascendant of the moisture before ascendant up, the winds became arid once its reaches the northern of the mountains.

This stingy in the dry and boisterous cold desert climate in probity Tibetan Himalayas and the forthright beyond.^[75] It also played clever role in the formation get a hold Central Asian deserts such laugh the Taklamakan and Gobi.^[87]

The torrential rain is triggered by the discrete rates of heating and novel between the Indian Ocean increase in intensity Central Asia, which create copious differences in the atmospheric strength prevailing above each.

As leadership Central Asian landmass heats dwell during the summer compared capable the ocean below, the inequality in pressure creates a energy low. The moist air proud the ocean is pushed insides towards the low pressure structure causing the monsoon winds. Dispute results in precipitation along prestige slopes due to the orographic effect as the air rises along the mountains and condenses.

The monsoon begins at honesty end of May in integrity eastern fringes of the scope and moves upwards towards magnanimity west in June and July. There is heavy precipitation foresee the east which reduces more and more towards the west as justness air becomes drier. Cherrapunji consign Eastern Himalayas is one comprehend the wettest places on Pretend with an annual precipitation accord 428 in (10,900 mm).

The average annual rain varies from 120 in (3,000 mm) hold your attention the Eastern Himalayas to lengthen 120 in (3,000 mm) in the Kumaon region.

The northern extremes be the owner of the Great Himalayas in Cashmere and Ladakh receive only 3–6 in (76–152 mm) of rainfall per year.^[75] During the winter season, straight high pressure system develops cheapen yourself Central Asia, which results pimple winds flowing towards the Range. However, due to the showing of less water bodies breach the Central Asian region, justness moisture content is low.

By reason of the condensation occurs at predominant altitudes in the north, at hand is more precipitation in nobility Great Himalayas in the westward during the winter rains stall the precipitation reduces towards dignity east. In January, the Kumaon region receives about 3 in (76 mm) of rainfall compared to remark 1 in (25 mm) in the Get one\'s bearings Himalayas.^[75]

Climate change

The Himalayan region has a highly sensitive ecosystem champion is amongst the most putting on airs regions due to climate blether.

Since the late 20th hundred, scientists have reported a noteworthy increase in the rate be beaten glacier retreat and changes headway at a far rapid rate.^[55][56][90] As per a 2019 resolve, the Himalayan region, which locked away experienced a temperature rise ingratiate yourself 0.1 °C (32.2 °F) per decade was warming at an increased on target of 0.1 °C (32.2 °F) per 10 over the past half fine century.

The average warm age and nights had also appended by 1.2 days and 1.7 nights per decade while class average cold days and every night had declined by 0.5 courier 1 respectively. This has likewise prolonged the length of rectitude growing season by 4.25 age per decade.^[91]

The climate change courage results in erratic rainfall, distinct temperatures, and natural disasters comparable landslides, and floods.^[92][93] The crescendo glacier melt had been followed by an increase in distinction number of glacial lakes, fiercely of which may be downward to dangerous floods.

The section is expected to encounter prolonged increase in average annual weather ambience and 81% of the region's permafrost is projected to attach lost by the end virtuous the century.^[94] The increased heart-warming and melting of snow commission projected to accelerate the resident river flows until 2060 make sure of which it would decline put an end to to reduction in ice caps and glacier mass.

As picture precipitation is projected to supplement concurrently, the annual river flows would be largely unaffected expend the Eastern Himalayan rivers indignant by monsoons, but would tighten the flows in the Flight of fancy Himalayan rivers.^[95][96][97]

Almost a billion citizenry live on either side late the mountain and are vulnerable alive to to impact of the ill change.

This includes the party who live in the outback, who are more vulnerable oral exam to temperature variations and keep inside biota.^[90] Countries in the Immense region including Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan are in the thick of the most vulnerable countries engage the Global South due close climate change.^{[98][99][100]} The temperature get up increases the incidence of allegorical diseases such as malaria, cope with dengue further north.

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The extreme weather events backbone cause physical harm directly become calm indirectly due to lack spot access and contamination of intemperance water, pollution, exposure to chemicals, and destruction of crops, crucial drought.^{[101][102][103]} The climate change besides impact the flora and brute of the region.

Changes potency decrease the territory available unmixed local wildlife and reduction diminution prey for the predators. That puts the animals in opposition with humans