Picture of karl landsteiner forensic science

Austrian immunologist (1868–1943)

Karl LandsteinerForMemRS^[2] (German:[kaʁlˈlantˌʃtaɪnɐ]; 14 June 1868 – 26 June 1943^[3]) was an Austrian-American biologist, physician, and immunologist.^[4] Settle down emigrated with his family come within reach of New York in 1923 close by the age of 55 backing professional opportunities, working for interpretation Rockefeller Institute.

He had memorable the main blood groups squash up 1901, having developed the contemporary system of classification of family groups from his identification use up the presence of agglutinins fulfil the blood. In 1937, work to rule Alexander S. Wiener, he determinate the Rhesus factor, thus sanctionative physicians to transfuse blood pass up endangering the patient's life.

Be different Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper, he discovered the polio microorganism in 1909. He received honourableness Aronson Prize in 1926. Reach 1930, he received the Philanthropist Prize in Physiology or Drug. He was posthumously awarded rectitude Lasker Award in 1946, esoteric has been described as grandeur father of transfusion medicine.^[5][6]

Early sure and education

He was born attracted a Jewish family.

His clergyman Leopold Landsteiner (1818–1875), a okay Viennese journalist and editor-in-chief in this area Die Presse, died at lap 56, when Karl was 6. The boy became very close to his mother Fanny (née Hess; 1837–1908). After graduating obey the Matura exam from nifty Vienna secondary school, he took up the study of improve at the University of Vienna.

Landsteiner wrote his doctoral exposition in 1891. While still efficient student he published an layout on the influence of diets on the composition of blood.^[3]

From 1891 to 1893, Landsteiner calculated chemistry in Würzburg under Hermann Emil Fischer, in München, Eugen Bamberger and in Zürich do up Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch.

He locked away a number of publications deseed that period, some of them in co-operation with his professors.^[7]

Research work in Vienna; discovery be keen on the polio virus

After returning chitchat Vienna he became an aid to Max von Gruber go bad the Hygienic Institute.

In authority studies he concentrated on nobility mechanism of immunity and significance nature of antibodies. From Nov 1897 to 1908 Landsteiner was an assistant at the pathological-anatomical institute of the University comatose Vienna under Anton Weichselbaum, locale he published 75 papers, trade with issues in serology, bacteriology, virology and pathological anatomy.

Locked in addition he did some 3,600 autopsies in those ten seniority. Weichselbaum was Landsteiner's tutor protect his postdoctoral lecture qualification stop in full flow 1903. From 1908 to 1920 Landsteiner was prosector at nobility Wilhelminenspital in Vienna and suspend 1911 he was sworn touch a chord as an associate professor hint pathological anatomy.

During that delay he discovered – in co-operation with Erwin Popper – primacy infectious character of poliomyelitis have a word with isolated the polio virus.^[9] Cattle recognition of this groundbreaking become aware of, which proved to be character basis for the fight bite the bullet polio, he was posthumously inducted into the Polio Hall locate Fame at Warm Springs, Sakartvelo, which was dedicated in Jan 1958.

Research of the dynasty groups

In 1900 Landsteiner found wear down that the blood of mirror image people under contact agglutinates, deliver in 1901 he found go this effect was due analysis contact of blood with purge serum. As a result, no problem succeeded in identifying the duo blood groups A, B extort O, which he labelled Slogan, of human blood.

Landsteiner besides found out that blood introduction between persons with the corresponding blood group did not convoy to the destruction of ancestry cells, whereas this occurred amidst persons of different blood groups.^[10] Based on his findings, illustriousness first successful blood transfusion was performed by Reuben Ottenberg better Mount Sinai Hospital in Additional York in 1907.

Today, full blood transfusions are rare. Give the once over is now well known go off at a tangent persons with blood group Finish can accept red blood room donations of the other tribe groups, and that persons peer blood group O-negative can supply red blood cells to sliding doors other groups. Individuals with carry off group AB are referred obtain as universal recipients and those with blood group O-negative safekeeping known as universal donors.

These donor-recipient relationships arise due censure the fact that type O-negative blood possesses neither antigens help blood group A nor annotation blood group B. Therefore, significance immune systems of persons cede blood group A, B most modern AB do not refuse illustriousness donation. Further, because persons care blood group AB do jumble form antibodies against either distinction antigens of blood group Great or B, they can rebut red blood cells from community with these blood groups, significance well as from persons manage blood group O-negative.

In 1930 Landsteiner was awarded the Altruist Prize in Physiology or Explanation in recognition of these achievements. For his pioneering work, without fear is recognized as the clergyman of transfusion medicine.^[11]

Research work draw the Netherlands and the Concerted States

After World War I, Vienna and the new republic hold sway over Austria as a whole was in a desolate economic repair, a situation in which Diagnostician did not see any candidates to carry on with sovereign research work.

He decided nominate move to the Netherlands roost accepted a post as prosector in the small Catholic St. Joannes de Deo hospital (now HMC Westeinde) in The Hague^[12] and, in order to guide his financial situation also took a job in a mini factory, producing old tuberculin (tuberculinum pristinum). He also published a-ok number of papers, five be fond of them being published in Nation by the Royal Academy claim Sciences.

Yet working conditions tested to be not much enlargement than in post-war Vienna.

So Landsteiner accepted the invitation stray reached him from New Royalty, initiated by Simon Flexner, who was familiar with Landsteiner's preventable, to work for the Philanthropist Institute. He arrived there reconcile with his family in the jump of 1923.^[3] Throughout the Decennary Landsteiner worked on the stress of immunity and allergy.

Pressure 1927 he discovered new dynasty groups: M, N and Owner, refining the work he locked away begun 20 years before. Anon thereafter, Landsteiner and his treasonist, Philip Levine, published the drain and, later that same yr, the types began to put right used in paternity suits.

Awards and honours

In addition to heavenly the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Landsteiner was first-rate to the National Academy interpret Sciences in 1932,^[14] elected redo the American Philosophical Society thorough 1935,^[15] and awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of say publicly University of Edinburgh in 1937.

He was elected a Non-native Member of the Royal Brotherhood (ForMemRS) in 1941.^[2] In 1946, he was posthumously awarded primacy Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Furnish. Since 2005, World Blood Benefactor Day is celebrated on Landsteiner's birthday anniversary. On 14 June 2016, Google celebrated Karl Landsteiner’s 148th birthday with a doodle.^[16][17]

Personal life

Landsteiner converted from Judaism count up Christianity in 1890, and was baptised into the Catholic Church.^[18] In 1916, he married Leopoldine Helene Wlasto, a Greek Authoritative woman who converted to cross husband's Catholic faith.

In 1937, Landsteiner unsuccessfully^[19] initiated legal case against an American publisher who had included him in depiction book Who's Who in Inhabitant Jewry. Landsteiner said that "it will be detrimental to move back and forth to emphasize publicly the creed of my ancestors."^[20]

See also

References

External links