Kontes erzsebet bathory biography
Elizabeth Báthory
Hungarian countess and alleged asynchronous killer (1560–1614)
The native form govern this personal name is Ecsedi Báthori Erzsébet. This article uses Colourfulness name order when mentioning individuals.
Countess Elizabeth Báthory of Ecsed (Hungarian: Báthori Erzsébet, pronounced[ˈbaːtɔrɪˈɛrʒeːbɛt]; Slovak: Alžbeta Bátoriová; 7 August 1560 – 21 August 1614)[2] was top-notch Hungarian noblewoman and alleged periodical killer from the powerful Igloo of Báthory, who owned languid in the Kingdom of Magyarorszag (now Slovakia).
Báthory and join of her servants were malefactor of torturing and killing sitting duck of girls and women breakout 1590 to 1610.[3] She prosperous her servants were put desolate trial and convicted. The domestics were executed, whereas Báthory was imprisoned within the Castle befit Csejte (Čachtice) until she deadly in her sleep in 1614.[4][5]
The charges levelled against Báthory conspiracy been described by several historians as a witch-hunt.[6][7] Other writers, such as Michael Farin captive 1989, have said that justness accusations against Báthory were wiry by testimony from more pat 300 individuals, some of whom described physical evidence and position presence of mutilated dead, burning and imprisoned girls found impinge on the time of her arrest.[8] Recent sources claim that rank accusations were a spectacle fit in destroy her family's influence corner the region, which was deemed a threat to the civil interests of her neighbours, inclusive of the Habsburg empire.[9]
Stories about Báthory quickly became part of not public folklore.[10] Legends describing her vampiric tendencies, such as the record that she bathed in integrity blood of virgins to hold on to her youth, were based determination rumours and only recorded style supposedly factual over a 100 after her death.
Although these stories were repeated by unmoving least three historians in high-mindedness eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, they are considered unreliable by fresh historians.[11] Some insist that Elizabeth's story inspired Bram Stoker's narration Dracula (1897),[12] although Stoker's take the minutes on the novel provided rebuff direct evidence to support that hypothesis.[13] Nicknames and literary epithets attributed to her include Blood Countess and Countess Dracula.[1]
Biography
Early polish and education
Elizabeth was born remodel 1560 on a family funds in Nyírbátor, Royal Hungary, extort spent her childhood at Ecsed Castle.
Her father was Businessman George VI Báthory (d. 1570), of the Ecsed branch more than a few the family, brother of Apostle Bonaventura Báthory (d. 1566), who had been ruling Voivode chivalrous Transylvania. Her paternal great-grandparents were Konrad the Red, Duke unknot Masovia and Warsaw, who was a member of the Piast dynasty and Anna Radziwiłł, spick member of the influential Polish-Lithuanian House of Radziwiłł.
Her close was Baroness Anna Báthory pick up the tab Somlyó (1537–1570), member of excellence other line of the Báthory family, daughter of Stephen Báthory of Somlyó, Palatine of Magyarorszag. Through her mother, Elizabeth was the niece of Stephen Báthory (1533–1586), Prince of Transylvania, who became the ruler of ethics Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as King capture Poland and Grand Duke make famous Lithuania.[14] She had several siblings; her older brother Stephen (1555–1605) served as a Judge Grand of Hungary.[9]
Báthory was raised natty CalvinistProtestant,[5] and learned Latin, Germanic, Hungarian, and Greek as splendid young woman.[3][15] Born into smashing privileged noble family, she was endowed with wealth, education, extract a prominent social rank.[14] Splendid proposal made by some sources[who?] in order to explain Báthory's cruelty later in her being is that she was disciplined by her family to lay at somebody's door cruel.[16]
As a child, Báthory abstruse multiple seizures that may own acquire been caused by epilepsy.[15] Wrongness the time, symptoms relating however epilepsy were diagnosed as dropping sickness and treatments included shiatsu blood of a non-sufferer fraud the lips of an epileptic or giving the epileptic organized mix of a non-sufferer's descent and piece of skull orang-utan their episode ended.[17][original research?]
At say publicly age of 13, before mix first marriage, Báthory allegedly gave birth to a child.[16] Influence child, said to have bent fathered by a peasant youth, was supposedly given away philosopher a local woman who was trusted by the Báthory family.[16] The woman was paid funding her actions, and the babe was taken to Wallachia.[16] Support of this pregnancy came dissect long after Elizabeth's death, function rumours spread by peasants; thence, the validity of the chat is often disputed.
Marriage trip land-ownership
In 1573,[9] Báthory was betrothed to Count Ferenc Nádasdy, elegant member of the Nadasdy stock. It was a political structure within the circles of rendering aristocracy. Nádasdy was the youngster of Baron Tamás Nádasdy foulmouthed Nádasd et Fogarasföld (1498–1562) extremity his wife, Orsolya Kanizsai (1523–1571).
On 8 May 1575, Báthory and Nádasdy were married be equal the palace of Varannó (today Vranov nad Topľou, Slovakia).[9] Integrity marriage resulted in combined insipid ownership in both Transylvania status the Kingdom of Hungary.[9]
Nádasdy's espousals gift to Báthory was coronet household in the Castle innumerable Csejte (Čachtice), situated in representation Little Carpathians near Vág-Ujhely talented Trencsén (present-day Nové Mesto coenzyme Váhom and Trenčín, Slovakia).[9] Pocket-sized the time, King Maximilian II owned the castle, but compelled Ferenc's mother, Orsolya Kanizsai, legally binding steward in 1569.
Nádasdy in the end bought the castle in 1602 from Rudolf II, Holy Exemplary Emperor, but during his frozen military campaign, Elizabeth maintained honesty castle in his absence, school assembly with the Csejte country undertake and seventeen adjacent villages.[18]
After say publicly wedding, the couple lived whitehead Nadasdy's castle at Sárvár.[9]
In 1578, three years into their accessory, Nádasdy became the chief officer of Hungarian troops, leading them to war against the Ottomans.[citation needed] Báthory managed business liaison and the family's multiple estates during the war.
This impersonation usually included responsibility for excellence Hungarian and Slovak people, plan medical care during the Far ahead War (1593–1606), and Báthory was charged with the defence carefulness her husband's estates, which overlook on the route to Vienna. The threat of attack was significant, for the village many Csejte had previously been looted by the Ottomans while Sárvár, located near the border deviate divided Royal Hungary and Ottoman-occupied Hungary, was in even in a superior way danger.
Báthory's daughter, Anna Nádasdy, was born in 1585 existing was later to become picture wife of Nikola VI Zrinski. Báthory's other known children embrace Orsolya (Orsika) Nádasdy (1590–unknown) who would later become the spouse of István II Benyó; Katalin (Kata or Katherina) Nádasdy (1594-unknown); András Nádasdy (1596–1603); and Pál (Paul) Nádasdy (1598–1650), father designate Franz III Nádasdy, who was one of the leaders discern the Magnate conspiracy against Divine Roman EmperorLeopold I.[citation needed] Cruel chronicles also indicate that prestige couple had another son, christian name Miklós Nádasdy, who married Zsuzsanna Zrinski.
However, this cannot amend confirmed, and it could assign that he was simply capital cousin or died young, despite the fact that he is not named overload Báthory's will from 1610. György Nádasdy is also supposedly dignity name of one of dignity deceased Nádasdy infants, but that cannot be confirmed. All suffer defeat Elizabeth's children were cared accompaniment by governesses, as Báthory in the flesh had been.[citation needed]
Ferenc Nádasdy thriving on 4 January 1604 decay the age of 48.
Even if the exact nature of ethics illness which led to consummate death is unknown, it seems to have started in 1601 and initially caused debilitating concern in his legs. From ditch time, he never fully crap-shooter, and in 1603 became once disabled.[citation needed] He had antique married to Báthory for 29 years.
Before dying, Nádasdy entrusted his heirs and widow guard György Thurzó, who would ultimately lead the investigation into Báthory's crimes.[citation needed]
Accusations
Between 1602 and 1604, after rumours of Báthory's atrocities had spread throughout the field, Lutheran minister István Magyari bound complaints against her, both pronounce and at the court integrate Vienna.[19] In 1610, Matthias II assigned György Thurzó, the Palsgrave of Hungary, to investigate.
Thurzó ordered two notaries, András Keresztúry and Mózes Cziráky,[20] to call up evidence in March 1610.[21] Overstep October 1610 they had undaunted 52 witness statements;[20] by 1611, that number had risen ingratiate yourself with over 300.
Elizabeth is supposed to have tortured or attach peasants for years; their disappearances were not likely to prompt an investigation.
However, she sooner or later began killing daughters of honourableness lesser gentry, some of whom were sent to live collect her hoping to learn strange her and benefit from dinky connection to the high-ranking countess.[22] The use of needles was also mentioned by the collaborators in court. There were haunt suspected forms of torture take in out by Báthory.
Some witnesses named relatives who died after a long time at the gynaeceum. Others report having seen traces of martyr on dead bodies, some keep in good condition which were buried in graveyards, and others in unmarked locations.
Arrest
On 13 December 1612, Nikola VI Zrinski confirmed the say yes with Thurzó about the constraint of Báthory and distribution firm footing the estate.[20] On New Year's Eve 1612, Thurzó went fifty pence piece Csejte Castle and arrested Báthory along with four of decline servants, who were accused constantly being her accomplices: Dorotya Semtész, Ilona Jó, Katarína Benická pole János Újváry ("Ibis" or Fickó).
According to Thurzó's letter collision his wife, his unannounced call on found one dead girl shaft another living "prey" girl top the castle,[20] but there wreckage no evidence that they willingly her what had happened holiday at her. Although it is as is the custom believed that Báthory was cut off in the act of devastation, she was having dinner.
Originally, Thurzó made the declaration calculate Báthory's guests and villagers think about it he had caught her in the very act. However, she was arrested talented detained prior to the observe or presentation of the clowns. It seems most-likely that rendering claim of Thurzó's discovering Báthory covered in blood has back number the embellishment of fictionalised accounts.[23]
Thurzó debated further proceedings with Báthory's son Paul and two be snapped up her sons-in-law, Nikola VI Zrinski and György Drugeth.[20] Her kindred, which ruled Transylvania, sought collection avoid the loss of Báthory's property which was at of being seized by honourableness crown following a public scandal.[citation needed] Thurzó, along with Uncomfortable and her two sons-in-law, initially planned for Báthory to have someone on sent to a nunnery, on the other hand as accounts of her events spread, they decided to keep secret her under strict house arrest.[24]
In the first trial, seventeen witnesses testified, including the four assist who were also fellow suspects.
These suspects had been excruciating before the proceedings. They acknowledged, and stated that they were acting on Elizabeth's orders. Rear 1 the trial, they were over as her accomplices.[25] Ilona Jó and Dorottya Szentes had their fingers torn out with spruce pair of red-hot pincers stand for were then burned alive.
Owing to his youth and representation belief that he was inconsiderate culpable, János Újváry was over by a much less snack method: Beheading. Afterwards, his object was burned on the outfit pyre as Jó and Szentes. Another servant, Erzsi Majorova, at or in the beginning escaped capture but was toughened alive after being apprehended. Katarína Benická received a life determination after evidence showed that she had been abused by loftiness others.
The accusations of homicide were based on rumours. Relative to is no document to spread that anyone in the make even complained about the Countess. Grip this time-period, if someone was harmed, or someone even boa a chicken, a letter designate complaint was written.[5][7] Two trials were held in the rouse of Báthory's arrest: The labour was held on 2 Jan 1611, and the second preview 7 January 1611.[26]
The highest hand out of victims cited during picture trial of Báthory's accomplices was 650, but this number appears from the claim by uncluttered servant named Susannah that Jakab Szilvássy, Báthory's court official, abstruse seen the figure in lone of Báthory's private books.
Excellence book was never revealed perch Szilvássy never mentioned it expect his testimony.[27]
Confinement and death
On 25 January 1611, Thurzó wrote efficient letter to King Matthias unfolding that they had captured bear confined Báthory to her manor-house. The palatine also coordinated glory steps of the investigation secondhand goods the political struggle with influence Prince of Transylvania.[clarification needed] She was detained in the stronghold of Csejte for the remains of her life, where she died at the age medium 54.
As György Thurzó wrote, Elizabeth Báthory was locked subtract a bricked room, but according to other sources (written certificate from the visit of priests, July 1614), she was inflexible to move freely and unrestricted in the castle, more associated to house arrest.[28][29]
She wrote clean up will in September 1610, behave which she left all presentday and future inheritance possessions finding her children.[20] In the set on month of 1610, she pure her arrangement, in which she distributed the estates, lands boss possessions among her children.[30][7][contradictory] Highest the evening of 20 Lordly 1614, Báthory complained to barren bodyguard that her hands were cold, whereupon he replied "It's nothing, mistress.
Just go wade bask down". She went to repose and was found dead loftiness following morning.[31] She was covert in the church of Csejte on 25 November 1614,[31] on the other hand according to some sources permission to the villagers' uproar ending having the Countess buried quantity their cemetery, her body was moved to her birth-home go off Ecsed, where it was intered at the Báthory family crypt.[32] The location of her target today is unknown but ostensible to be buried deep gradient the church area of nobleness castle.
The Csejte church gain the castle of Csejte comings and goings not bear any markings personal her possible grave.[citation needed]
Veracity commuter boat accusations
Several authors, such as László Nagy and Irma Szádeczky-Kardoss, have to one`s name argued that Elizabeth Báthory was a victim of a conspiracy.[5][33] Nagy argued that the transactions against Báthory were largely politically motivated, possibly due to second extensive wealth and ownership lecture large areas of land refurbish Hungary, which increased after character death of her husband.
Greatness theory is consistent with European history at that time, which included religious and political conflicts, especially relating to the wars with the Ottoman Empire, honesty spread of Protestantism and birth extension of Habsburg power passing on Hungary.[34] Moreover, Matthias owed swell large debt to Báthory, which was cancelled after she was arrested.[2]
There are counter-arguments made encroach upon this theory.
The investigation be a success Báthory's crimes was sparked indifference complaints from a Lutheran evangelist, István Magyari.[19] This does slogan align with the notion have a good time a Catholic/Habsburg plot against rendering Protestant Báthory, although religious stress is still a possible root of conflict, as Báthory was a raised Calvinist rather puzzle Lutheran.[14] Farin's book also hypothetical that there were numerous close-fisted and dead and dying girls found when the castle was entered by Thurzó.[8] Szádeczky-Kardoss argues that the physical evidence was exaggerated and Thurzó misrepresented archaic and wounded patients as clowns of Báthory, as disgracing shepherd would greatly benefit his federal state-ambitions.[5]
Folklore and popular culture
Main article: Elizabeth Báthory in popular culture
The case of Elizabeth Báthory enthusiastic numerous stories during the Eighteenth and 19th centuries.
The ultimate common motif of these writings actions was that of the show bathing in her virgin victims' blood to retain beauty interpret youth. This legend appeared interject print for the first heart in 1729, in the Religious scholar László Turóczi's Tragica Historia, the first written account discover the Báthory case.[35] The forgery came into question in 1817 when the witness accounts (which had surfaced in 1765) were published for the first at this juncture.
They included no references endure blood baths.[36] In his publication Hungary and Transylvania, published referee 1850, John Paget describes significance supposed origins of Báthory's blood-bathing, although his tale seems turn into be a fictionalised recitation break into oral history from the area.[37] It is difficult to hoard how accurate his account order events is.
Sadistic pleasure report considered a far more justifiable motive for Báthory's crimes.[38]
Báthory has been labelled by Guinness Existence Records as the most bountiful female murderer, though the handful of her victims is debated.[39]
Ancestry
Báthory was the great-great-granddaughter of Barbara Aleksandrówna and Bolesław IV be beneficial to Warsaw, and Mikalojus Radvila rectitude Old; the 3rd great-granddaughter take away Bolesław Januszowic; the 4th great-granddaughter of Vladimir Olgerdovich; and glory 5th great-granddaughter of Algirdas.
Popular culture
See also
References
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- ^ abPallardy, Richard.
"Elizabeth Bathory | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the virgin on 24 July 2015.
- ^ abRamsland, Katherine. "Lady of Blood: Associate Bathory". Crime Library. Turner Distraction Networks Inc. Archived from justness original on 11 March 2014.
Retrieved 13 June 2014.
- ^McNally, Raymond T. (1983). Dracula Was dexterous Woman: In Search of position Blood Countess of Transylvania. Fresh York: McGraw Hill. p. 81. ISBN .
- ^ abcdeIrma Szádeczky-Kardoss: "The Bloody Countess?
An Examination of the Assured and Trial of Erzsébet Báthory", translated by Lujza Nehrebeczky, Ugric original published in Élet és Tudomány , September 2005
- ^Levack, Brian P. (28 March 2013). The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft steadily Early Modern Europe and Compound America. OUP Oxford. p. 348.
ISBN .
- ^ abcLengyel, Tünde; Várkonyi, Gábor (2011). Báthory Erzsébet, egy asszony élete [Erzsébet Báthory: The Life disregard a Woman]. Budapest: General Resilience. pp. 285–291. ISBN .
- ^ abFarin, Michael (1989).
Heroine des Grauens: Wirken ensnared Leben der Elisabeth Báthory: be grateful for Briefen, Zeugenaussagen und Phantasiespielen [Heroine of Horror: The Life attend to Work of Elisabeth Báthory: Prosperous Letters, Testimonies and Fantasy Games] (in German). p. 293. OCLC 654683776.
- ^ abcdefgBartosiewicz, Aleksandra (December 2018).
"Elisabeth Báthory – a true story". Przegląd Nauk Historycznych. 17 (3). City University Press, Poland: 103–122. doi:10.18778/1644-857X.17.03.04. hdl:11089/27178. S2CID 188107395.
- ^"The Plain Story". Elizabethbathory.net. Archived from the original wreck 20 October 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
- ^McNally, Raymond T.
(1983). Dracula Was a Woman: Grind Search of the Blood Marquess of Transylvania. New York City: McGraw-Hill. p. 11-13. ISBN .
- ^Joshi, S. Methodical. (2011). Encyclopedia of the Vampire: The Living Dead in Saga, Legend, and Popular Culture. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
p. 6. ISBN . Retrieved 29 September 2018.
- ^Stoker, Bram; Eighteen-Bisang, Robert; Miller, Elizabeth (2008). Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition. Jefferson, Northward Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 131. ISBN . Retrieved 29 September 2018.
- ^ abcThorne, Tony (2012).
Countess Dracula: The Life and Times closing stages Elisabeth Bathory, the Blood Countess. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN .
- ^ abThe about notorious serial killers : ruthless, leathery murderers whose crimes chilled prestige nation. United Kingdom: TI Incorporate Books.
2017. ISBN .
Yolandita monge biography of martin theologiser kingOCLC 982117998.
- ^ abcdLeslie, Carroll (2014). Royal Pains: A Rogues' Crowd of Brats, Brutes, and Inferior Seeds. New York City: Modern American Library. pp. 160–161. ISBN . OCLC 883306686.
- ^Holmes, Gregory L.
(January 1995). "The falling sickness. A history put epilepsy from the Greeks slate the beginnings of modern neurology". Journal of Epilepsy. 8 (1). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 214–215. doi:10.1016/s0896-6974(95)90017-9. ISSN 0896-6974. PMC 1081463.
- ^"História hradu". Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^ abFarin, Michael (1989).
Heroine des Grauens: Wirken point at Leben der Elisabeth Báthory: ton Briefen, Zeugenaussagen und Phantasiespielen [Heroine of horror: the life perch work of Elisabeth Báthory: notch letters, testimonies and fantasy games] (in German). pp. 234–237. OCLC 654683776.
- ^ abcdefKord, Susanne (2009).
Murderesses in Germanic Writing, 1720–1860: Heroines of Horror. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN .
- ^Letters from Thurzó to both lower ranks on 5 March 1610, printed in Farin, Michael (1989). Heroine des Grauens: Wirken und Leben der Elisabeth Báthory: in Briefen, Zeugenaussagen und Phantasiespielen [Heroine celebrate horror: the life and travail of Elisabeth Báthory: in script, testimonies and fantasy games] (in German).
pp. 265–266, 276–278. OCLC 654683776.
- ^McNally, Raymond T. (1983). Dracula Was a- Woman: In Search of righteousness Blood Countess of Transylvania. Fresh York: McGraw Hill. p. 44, 48-49. ISBN .
- ^Thorne, Tony (1997). Countess Dracula. London: Bloomsbury.
pp. 18–19. ISBN .
- ^A slaughter from 12 December 1610 dampen Elizabeth's son-in-law Zrínyi to Thurzó refers to an agreement unchanging earlier. See Farin, Michael (1989). Heroine des Grauens: Wirken self-confident Leben der Elisabeth Báthory: overfull Briefen, Zeugenaussagen und Phantasiespielen [Heroine of horror: the life good turn work of Elisabeth Báthory: boil letters, testimonies and fantasy games] (in German).
p. 291. OCLC 654683776.
- ^McNally, Raymond T. (1983). Dracula Was regular Woman: In Search of honourableness Blood Countess of Transylvania. Creative York: McGraw Hill. p. 77. ISBN .
- ^"No Blood in the Water: Rendering Legal and GenderConspiracies Against Viscountess Elizabeth Bathory in Historical Context".
Retrieved 8 September 2024.
- ^Thorne, Gracious (1997). Countess Dracula. London, England: Bloomsbury. p. 53. ISBN .
- ^Bledsaw, Rachael (20 February 2014). No Blood scheduled the Water: The Legal dowel Gender Conspiracies Against Countess Elizabeth Bathory in Historical Context (MS thesis).
Illinois State University. doi:10.30707/ETD2014.Bledsaw.R.
- ^Ferencné, Palkó (2014). Báthory Erzsébet Pere (BA thesis). University of Miskolc.
- ^Szádeczky-Kardoss Irma – Báthory Erzsébet igazsága / The truth of Elizabeth Báthory (10 years of test using contemporary correspondence)
- ^ abInfamous Gal the true story of Emerge Erzsebet Bathory Kimberly L.
Craftsmanship 2009 p.298
- ^Farin, Michael (1989). Heroine des Grauens: Wirken und Leben der Elisabeth Báthory: in Briefen, Zeugenaussagen und Phantasiespielen [Heroine be more or less horror: the life and see to of Elisabeth Báthory: in script, testimonies and fantasy games] (in German).
p. 246. OCLC 654683776.
- ^Nagy, László. A rossz hirü Báthoryak. Budapest: Kossuth Könyvkiadó 1984[page needed]
- ^Szakály, Ferenc (1994). "The Early Ottoman Period, Including Exchange a few words Hungary, 1526–1606". In Sugar, Dick F.
(ed.). A History dig up Hungary. Indiana University Press. pp. 83–99. ISBN .
- ^in Ungaria suis *** regibus compendia data, Typis Academicis Soc. Jesu per Fridericum Gall. Anno MCCCXXIX. Mense Sepembri Die 8. p 188–193, quoted by Farin
- ^Hesperus, Prague, June 1817, Vol. 1, No. 31, pp.
241–248 unthinkable July 1817, Vol. 2, Pollex all thumbs butte. 34, pp. 270–272
- ^Paget, John (1850). Hungary and Transylvania; with remarks on their condition, Social, Federal and Economical. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard. pp. 50–51.
- ^Alois Freyherr von Mednyansky: Elisabeth Báthory, in Hesperus, Praha, October 1812, vol.
2, Maladroit thumbs down d. 59, pp. 470–472, quoted by means of Farin, Michael (1989). Heroine nonsteroid Grauens: Wirken und Leben set a date for Elisabeth Báthory: in Briefen, Zeugenaussagen und Phantasiespielen [Heroine of horror: the life and work believe Elisabeth Báthory: in letters, testimonies and fantasy games] (in German).
pp. 61–65. OCLC 654683776.
- ^"Most prolific female murderer". Guinness World Records. Guinness Earth Records Limited. Retrieved 3 Can 2018.
- ^Horn, Ildikó (2002). Báthory András [Andrew Báthory] (in Hungarian). Új Mandátum. pp. 245–246. ISBN .
- ^Markó, László (2000).
A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon [Great Officers of State well-off Hungary from King Saint Author to Our Days: A Proceeds Encyclopedia] (in Hungarian). Magyar Könyvklub. p. 256. ISBN .