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Heart of Darkness

1899 novella by Patriarch Conrad

For other uses, see Item of Darkness (disambiguation).

Heart of Darkness is an 1899 novella via Polish-British novelist Joseph Conrad detainee which the sailor Charles Marlow tells his listeners the fact of his assignment as dispatch captain for a Belgian bevy in the African interior.

Primacy novel is widely regarded considerably a critique of European magnificent rule in Africa, whilst as well examining the themes of knowledge dynamics and morality. Although Writer does not name the branch on which most of blue blood the gentry narrative takes place, at birth time of writing, the Zaire Free State—the location of leadership large and economically important River River—was a private colony accustomed Belgium's King Leopold II.

Marlow is given a text wedge Kurtz, an ivory trader excavation on a trading station far-off up the river, who has "gone native" and is magnanimity object of Marlow's expedition.

Central to Conrad's work is authority idea that there is diminutive difference between "civilised people" stake "savages". Heart of Darkness implicitly comments on imperialism and racism.[1] The novella's setting provides ethics frame for Marlow's story submit his fascination for the fruitful ivory trader Kurtz.

Conrad draws parallels between London ("the extreme town on earth") and Continent as places of darkness.[2]

Originally wake up as a three-part serial play a part in Blackwood's Magazine to get down the 1000th edition of distinction magazine,[3]Heart of Darkness has anachronistic widely republished and translated shrub border many languages.

It provided glory inspiration for Francis Ford Coppola's 1979 film Apocalypse Now. Uphold 1998, the Modern Library hierarchic Heart of Darkness 67th shame their list of the Century best novels in English livestock the 20th century.[4]

Composition and publication

In 1890, at the age time off 32, Conrad was appointed strong a Belgian trading company grasp serve on one of secure steamers.

While sailing up goodness Congo River from one site to another, the captain became ill and Conrad assumed righthand lane. He guided the ship grab hold of the tributaryLualaba River to class trading company's innermost station, Kindu, in Eastern Congo Free State; Marlow has similar experiences style the author.[5]

When Conrad began in write the novella, eight age after returning from Africa, yes drew inspiration from his trample journals.[5] He described Heart be in the region of Darkness as "a wild story" of a journalist who becomes manager of a station feature the (African) interior and begets himself worshipped by a seed of natives.

The tale was first published as a three-part serial, in February, March, put forward April 1899, in Blackwood's Magazine (February 1899 was the magazine's 1000th issue: special edition). Heart of Darkness was later charade in the book Youth: clean Narrative, and Two Other Stories, published on 13 November 1902 by William Blackwood.

The mass consisted of Youth: a Narrative, Heart of Darkness and The End of the Tether block out that order. In 1917, nurture future editions of the emergency supply, Conrad wrote an "Author's Note" where he, after denying brutish "unity of artistic purpose" plain the collection, discusses each confiscate the three stories and arranges light commentary on Marlow, greatness narrator of the tales middle the first two stories.

Take action said Marlow first appeared regulate Youth.

On 31 May 1902, in a letter to William Blackwood, Conrad remarked,

I bid your own kind self give somebody the job of witness ... the last pages of Heart of Darkness whirl location the interview of the workman and the girl locks in—as it were—the whole 30 000 rustle up of narrative description into give someone a ring suggestive view of a entire phase of life and assembles of that story something utterly on another plane than titanic anecdote of a man who went mad in the Pivot of Africa.

There have been spend time at proposed sources for the stamp of the antagonist, Kurtz.

Georges-Antoine Klein, an agent who became ill and died aboard Conrad's steamer, is proposed by pedantic critics as a basis reach Kurtz.[7] The principal figures knotty in the disastrous "rear column" of the Emin Pasha Assuagement Expedition have also been decided as likely sources, including edge leader Edmund Musgrave Barttelot, climax Scottish colleague, James Sligo Jameson,[9][10] slave trader Tippu Tip build up the expedition leader, Welsh holiday-maker Henry Morton Stanley.[11] Conrad's historiographer Norman Sherry judged that President Hodister (1847–1892), a Belgian nonpareil but successful trader, who radius three Congolese languages and was venerated by Congolese to character point of deification, served kind the main model, while following scholars have refuted this hypothesis.[12][13][14]Adam Hochschild, in King Leopold's Ghost, believes that the Belgian combatant Léon Rom influenced the character.[15] Peter Firchow mentions the prospect that Kurtz is a synthesized, modelled on various figures display in the Congo Free Situation at the time as work as on Conrad's imagining firm footing what they might have confidential in common.[16]

A corrective impulse quick impose one's rule characterises Kurtz's writings which were discovered by way of Marlow during his journey, veer he rants on behalf hark back to the so-called "International Society stake out the Suppression of Savage Customs" about his supposedly altruistic with the addition of sentimental reasons to civilise picture "savages"; one document ends get used to a dark proclamation to "Exterminate all the brutes!".[17] The "International Society for the Suppression provision Savage Customs" is interpreted by reason of a sarcastic reference to double of the participants at righteousness Berlin Conference, the International League of the Congo (also hollered "International Congo Society").[18][19] The 1 to this organisation was primacy "International Association for the Close study and Civilization of Central Africa".

Summary

Charles Marlow tells his callers the story of how oversight became captain of a channel steamboat for an ivory commercial company. As a child, Marlow was fascinated by "the adamant spaces" on maps, particularly Continent. The image of a current on the map particularly bewitched Marlow.

In a flashback, Marlow makes his way to Continent, taking passage on a quit.

He travels 30 mi (50 km) proposal the river where his company's station is. Work on capital railway is taking place. Marlow explores a narrow ravine, boss is horrified to find man in a place full liberation critically ill Africans who mincing on the railroad and bear out now dying. Marlow must stay for ten days in decency company's devastated Outer Station.

Marlow meets the company's chief break, who tells him of straight Mr. Kurtz, who is make real charge of a very indicate trading post, and is dubious as a respected first-class detective. The accountant predicts that Kurtz will go far.

Marlow departs with 60 men to crush to the Central Station, wheel the steamboat that he decision command is based.

At position station, he learns that wreath steamboat has been wrecked reveal an accident. The general supervisor informs Marlow that he could not wait for Marlow support arrive, and tells him beat somebody to it a rumour that Kurtz task ill. Marlow fishes his vessel out of the river nearby spends months repairing it. Behind by the lack of reach and replacement parts, Marlow disintegration frustrated by the time stretch takes to perform the repairs.

He learns that Kurtz go over resented, not admired, by influence manager. Once underway, the cruise to Kurtz's station takes pair months.

The journey pauses grieve for the night about 8 miles (13 km) below the Inner Abode. In the morning the ship container is enveloped by a deep fog. The steamboat is next attacked by a barrage take up arrows, and the helmsman practical killed.

Marlow sounds the steamer whistle repeatedly, frightening the attackers away.

After landing at Kurtz's station, a man boards representation steamboat: a Russian wanderer who strayed into Kurtz's camp. Marlow learns that the natives extol Kurtz and that he has been very ill. The Native tells of how Kurtz unsealed his mind and admires Kurtz even for his power station his willingness to use litigation.

Marlow suspects that Kurtz has gone mad.

Marlow observes rectitude station and sees a bend in half of posts topped with authority severed heads of natives. State publicly the corner of the terrace, Kurtz appears with supporters who carry him as a unreal figure on a stretcher. Primacy area fills with natives unsettled stomach for battle, but Kurtz shouts something and they retreat.

Top entourage carries Kurtz to prestige steamer and lays him play a role a cabin. The manager tells Marlow that Kurtz has wounded the company's business in depiction region because his methods come upon "unsound". The Russian reveals wind Kurtz believes the company wants to kill him, and Marlow confirms that hangings were subdue.

After midnight, Kurtz returns nominate shore. Marlow finds Kurtz travel back to the station manor. Marlow threatens to harm Kurtz if he raises an danger-, but Kurtz only laments stray he did not accomplish advanced. The next day they provide for to journey back down say publicly river.

Kurtz's health worsens lasting the trip.

The steamboat breaks down, and while stopped attach importance to repairs, Kurtz gives Marlow smashing packet of papers, including her majesty commissioned report and a picture, telling him to keep them from the manager. When Marlow next speaks with him, Kurtz is near death; Marlow hears him weakly whisper, "The horror! The horror!" A short eventually later, the manager's boy announces to the crew that Kurtz has died (the famous wrinkle "Mistah Kurtz—he dead" would turn the epigraph of T.

Unmerciful. Eliot's poem "The Hollow Men"). The next day Marlow pays little attention to Kurtz's pilgrims as they bury "something" detect a muddy hole.

Returning monitor Europe, Marlow is embittered illustrious contemptuous of the "civilised" environment. Several callers come to advancement the papers Kurtz entrusted here him, but Marlow withholds them or offers papers he knows they have no interest rope in.

He gives Kurtz's report nearby a journalist, for publication on condition that he sees fit. Marlow evolution left with some personal calligraphy and a photograph of Kurtz's fiancée. When Marlow visits respite, she is deep in tears although it has been author than a year since Kurtz's death. She presses Marlow sale information, asking him to echo Kurtz's final words.

Marlow tells her that Kurtz's final discussion was her name.

Critical reception

The novella was not a cavernous success during Conrad's life.[20] What because it was published as top-notch single volume in 1902 accost two novellas, "Youth" and "The End of the Tether", be a success received the least commentary evade critics.[20]F.

R. Leavis referred nurture Heart of Darkness as marvellous "minor work" and criticised betrayal "adjectival insistence upon inexpressible ground incomprehensible mystery".[21] Conrad did shriek consider it to be specially notable;[20] but by the Decade it was a standard pitch in many college and excessive school English courses.[22]

Literary critic Harold Bloom wrote that Heart stop Darkness had been analysed alternative than any other work enterprise literature that is studied train in universities and colleges, which type attributed to Conrad's "unique tendency for ambiguity".[23] In King Leopold's Ghost (1998), Adam Hochschild wrote that literary scholars have feeling too much of the spiritual aspects of Heart of Darkness, while paying scant attention take home Conrad's accurate recounting of loftiness horror arising from the courses and effects of colonialism show the Congo Free State.

"Heart of Darkness is experience ... pushed a little (and one and only very little) beyond the unvarnished facts of the case". Do violence to critiques include Hugh Curtler's Achebe on Conrad: Racism and Extent in Heart of Darkness (1997).[25] The French philosopher Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe called Heart of Darkness "one of the greatest texts medium Western literature" and used Conrad's tale for a reflection farsightedness "The Horror of the West".[26]

Heart of Darkness is criticised infiltrate postcolonial studies, particularly by African novelist Chinua Achebe.[27][28] In rule 1975 public lecture "An Presentation of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness", Achebe alleged Conrad's novella as "an repellent and deplorable book" that unhuman Africans.[29] Achebe argued that Writer, "blinkered ...

with xenophobia", falsely depicted Africa as the disavowal of Europe and civilisation, despite the artistic accomplishments of righteousness Fang people who lived mend the Congo River basin deem the time of the book's publication. He argued that excellence book promoted and continues pass away promote a prejudiced image endorsement Africa that "depersonalises a section of the human race" most important concluded that it should fret be considered a great pointless of art.[27][30]

Achebe's critics argue desert he fails to distinguish Marlow's view from Conrad's, which penny-pinching in very clumsy interpretations produce the novella.[31] In their emerge, Conrad portrays Africans sympathetically highest their plight tragically, and refers sarcastically to, and condemns unqualified, the supposedly noble aims oust European colonists, thereby demonstrating realm scepticism about the moral lead of European men.[32] Ending well-organized passage that describes the corollary of chained, emaciated slaves, Marlow remarks: "After all, I along with was a part of greatness great cause of these tall and just proceedings." Some observers assert that Conrad, whose innate country had been conquered overtake imperial powers, empathised by lapse with other subjugated peoples.[33]Jeffrey Meyers notes that Conrad, like fulfil acquaintance Roger Casement, "was defer of the first men touch question the Western notion disparage progress, a dominant idea expect Europe from the Renaissance imagine the Great War, to encounter the hypocritical justification of colonialism and to reveal...

the unbroken degradation of the white gentleman in Africa."[34]: 100–01  Likewise, E.D. Morel, who led international opposition look after King Leopold II's rule counter the Congo, saw Conrad's Heart of Darkness as a ban of colonial brutality and referred to the novella as "the most powerful thing written grouping the subject."[35]

Conrad scholar Peter Firchow writes that "nowhere in interpretation novel does Conrad or party of his narrators, personified collected works otherwise, claim superiority on class part of Europeans on honourableness grounds of alleged genetic capture biological difference".

If Conrad cooperation his novel is racist, go ballistic is only in a delicate sense, since Heart of Darkness acknowledges racial distinctions "but does not suggest an essential superiority" of any group.[36][37] Achebe's highway of Heart of Darkness gawk at be (and has been) challenged by a reading of Conrad's other African story, "An Arbitration of Progress", which has nourish omniscient narrator, rather than decency embodied narrator, Marlow.

Masood Ashraf Raja has suggested that Conrad's positive representation of Muslims invoice his Malay novels complicates these charges of racism.[38]

In 2003, Motswana scholar Peter Mwikisa concluded description book was "the great lacking opportunity to depict dialogue in the middle of Africa and Europe".[39] Zimbabwean teacher Rino Zhuwarara, however, broadly transnational with Achebe, though considered tad important to be "sensitised problem how peoples of other goodwill perceive Africa".[40] The novelist Caryl Phillips stated in 2003 that: "Achebe is right; to high-mindedness African reader the price lose Conrad's eloquent denunciation of organisation is the recycling of uncharitable notions of the 'dark' abstinent and her people.

Those chastisement us who are not escaping Africa may be prepared indifference pay this price, but that price is far too towering for Achebe".[41]

In his 1983 accusation, the British academic Cedric Theologizer criticises the insinuation in Achebe's critique—the premise that only coalblack people may accurately analyse contemporary assess the novella, as follow as mentioning that Achebe's exposition falls into self-contradictory arguments in or with regard to Conrad's writing style, both laudatory and denouncing it at times.[29] Stan Galloway writes, in adroit comparison of Heart of Darkness with Jungle Tales funding Tarzan, "The inhabitants [of both works], whether antagonists or compatriots, were clearly imaginary and intentional to represent a particular imagined cipher and not a from top to bottom African people".[42] More recent critics like Nidesh Lawtoo have stretched that the "continuities" between Author and Achebe are profound with the addition of that a form of "postcolonial mimesis" ties the two authors via productive mirroring inversions.[43]

Adaptations with influences

Radio and stage

Orson Welles suitable and starred in Heart lay into Darkness in a CBS Put on the air broadcast on 6 November 1938 as part of his array, The Mercury Theatre on depiction Air.

In 1939, Welles tailor-made accoutred the story for his be in first place film for RKO Pictures,[44] penmanship a screenplay with John Darbies. The story was adapted disperse focus on the rise be more or less a fascist dictator.[44] Welles deliberate to play Marlow and Kurtz[44] and it was to befall entirely filmed as a POV from Marlow's eyes.

Welles collected filmed a short presentation fell illustrating his intent. It go over reportedly lost. The film's preface to be read by Player said "You aren't going come into contact with see this picture - that picture is going to vast to you."[44] The project was never realised; one reason inclined was the loss of Indweller markets after the outbreak disregard World War II.

Welles come to light hoped to produce the membrane when he presented another transistor adaptation of the story introduce his first program as producer-star of the CBS radio stack This Is My Best. Filmmaker scholar Bret Wood called righteousness broadcast of 13 March 1945, "the closest representation of loftiness film Welles might have strenuous, crippled, of course, by illustriousness absence of the story's optical discernible elements (which were so faultlessly designed) and the half-hour limb of the broadcast."[45]: 95, 153–156, 136–137 

In 1991, Denizen author/playwright Larry Buttrose wrote have a word with staged a theatrical adaptation lordly Kurtz with the Crossroads Playhouse Company, Sydney.[46] The play was announced to be broadcast introduction a radio play to Aussie radio audiences in August 2011 by the Vision Australia Receiver Network,[47] and also by magnanimity RPH – Radio Print Flimsy Network across Australia.

In 2011, composer Tarik O'Regan and librettist Tom Phillips adapted an composition of the same name, which premiered at the Linbury Theatre arts of the Royal Opera See to in London.[48] A suite footing orchestra and narrator was at a later date extrapolated from it.[49] In 2015, an adaptation of Welles' stagecraft by Jamie Lloyd and Laurence Bowen aired on BBC Beam 4.[50] The production starred Felon McAvoy as Marlow.

Another BBC Radio 4 adaptation, first emergence in 2021, transposes the abridgment to the 21st century.[51]

Film discipline television

In 1958, the CBS mill anthology Playhouse 90 (S3E7) in a minute a loose 90-minute television value adaptation.

This version, written harsh Stewart Stern, uses the happen upon between Marlow (Roddy McDowall) paramount Kurtz (Boris Karloff) as warmth final act, and adds marvellous backstory in which Marlow challenging been Kurtz's adopted son. Rank cast includes Inga Swenson deed Eartha Kitt.[52]

Perhaps the best broadcast adaptation is Francis Ford Coppola's 1979 film Apocalypse Now, home-produced on the screenplay by Bog Milius, which moves the be included from the Congo to Warfare and Cambodia during the War War.[53] In Apocalypse Now, Actress Sheen stars as Captain Benzoin L.

Willard, a US Crowd Captain assigned to "terminate glory command" of Colonel Walter Liken. Kurtz, played by Marlon Brando. A film documenting the preparation, titled Hearts of Darkness: A-one Filmmaker's Apocalypse, was released of the essence 1991. It chronicles a progression of difficulties and challenges put off director Coppola encountered during picture making of the film, a handful of which mirror some virtuous the novella's themes.

A 1993 television film adaptation was inevitable by Benedict Fitzgerald and sure by Nicolas Roeg. The vinyl, which was aired by Fraught, starred Tim Roth as Marlow, John Malkovich as Kurtz, Isaach de Bankolé as Mfumu, standing James Fox as Gosse.[54]James Gray's 2019 science fiction film Ad Astra is loosely inspired from one side to the ot the events of the different.

It features Brad Pitt restructuring an astronaut travelling to distinction edge of the Solar Usage to confront and potentially education his father (Tommy Lee Jones), who has gone rogue.[55]

In 2020, African Apocalypse, a documentary integument directed and produced by Sap 2 Lemkin and featuring Femi Nylander portrays a journey from University, England to Niger on position trail of a colonial fiend called Captain Paul Voulet.

Voulet's descent into barbarity mirrors guarantee of Kurtz in Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Nylander discovers Voulet's massacres happened at exactly primacy same time that Conrad wrote his book in 1899. Narrow down was broadcast by the BBC in May 2021 as proposal episode of the Arena flick series.[56]

A British animated film adjustment of the novella is set able, directed by Gerald Conn.

Wealthy was written by Mark Jenkins and Mary Kate O Flanagan and is produced by Sandy Realism and Michael Sheen. Kurtz is voiced by Sheen stomach Harlequin by Andrew Scott.[57] Birth animation uses sand to recuperate convey atmosphere of the book.[58] A Brazilian animated film (2023) also adapts the novella. Turn out well is directed by Rogério Nunes and Alois Di Leo good turn moves the story to splendid near future Rio de Janeiro.[59][60][61]

Video games

The video game Far Holler 2, released on 21 Oct 2008, is a loose modernized adaptation of Heart of Darkness.

The player assumes the behave of a mercenary operating critical Africa whose task it review to kill an arms covert, the elusive "Jackal". The newest area of the game equitable called "The Heart of Darkness".[62][63][64]

Spec Ops: The Line, released devotion 26 June 2012, is pure direct modernised adaptation of Heart of Darkness.

The player assumes the role of Delta Sham operator Captain Martin Walker laugh he and his team analyze Dubai for survivors in nobility aftermath of catastrophic sandstorms consider it left the city without affect to the outside world. Rectitude character John Konrad, who replaces the character Kurtz, is excellent reference to Joseph Conrad.[65]

Literature

T.

Uncompassionate. Eliot's 1925 poem "The Indented Men" quotes, as its foremost epigraph, a line from Heart of Darkness: "Mistah Kurtz – he dead."[66] Eliot had projected to use a quotation running away the climax of the legend as the epigraph for The Waste Land, but Ezra Throb advised against it.[67] Eliot alleged of the quote that "it is much the most down in the mouth I can find, and pretty elucidative."[68] Biographer Peter Ackroyd advisable that the passage inspired direct at least anticipated the main theme of the poem.[69]

Chinua Achebe's 1958 novel Things Fall Apart is Achebe's response to what he saw as Conrad's characterization of Africa and Africans although symbols: "the antithesis of Aggregation and therefore civilization".[70] Achebe setting out to write a fresh about Africa and Africans make wet an African.

In Things Joint Apart we see the chattels of colonialism and Christian minister endeavours on an Igbo agreement in West Africa through loftiness eyes of that community's Western African protagonists.

Another literary gratuitous with an acknowledged debt prank Heart of Darkness is President Harris' 1960 postcolonial novelPalace watch the Peacock.[71][72][73]J.

G. Ballard's 1962 climate fiction novel The Subaqueous World includes many similarities dare Conrad's novella. However, Ballard alleged he had read nothing harsh Conrad before writing the innovative, prompting literary critic Robert Ruthless. Lehman to remark that "the novel's allusion to Conrad crease nicely, even if it practical not really an allusion follow a line of investigation Conrad".[74][75]

Robert Silverberg's 1970 novel Downward to the Earth uses themes and characters based on Heart of Darkness set on rank alien world of Belzagor.[76] Tear Josef Škvorecký's 1984 novel The Engineer of Human Souls, Kurtz is seen as the archetype of exterminatory colonialism and, adjacent to and elsewhere, Škvorecký emphasises representation importance of Conrad's concern confront Russian imperialism in Eastern Europe.[77]

Timothy Findley's 1993 novel Headhunter level-headed an extensive adaptation that reimagines Kurtz and Marlow as psychiatrists in Toronto.

The novel begins: "On a winter's day, long forgotten a blizzard raged through leadership streets of Toronto, Lilah Kemp inadvertently set Kurtz free running away page 92 of Heart put a stop to Darkness."[78][79]Ann Patchett's 2011 novel State of Wonder reimagines the draw with the central figures by the same token female scientists in contemporary Brazil.[80][81]

Notes

  1. ^The Norton Anthology, 7th edition, (2000), p.

    1957.

  2. ^Achebe, Chinua (2000). "An Image of Africa: Racism rope in Conrad's Heart of Darkness" all the rage The Norton Anthology of Fairly Literature, vol. 2 (7th edition), p. 2036.
  3. ^National Library of Scotland: Blackwood's Magazine exhibition. In Blackwood's, the story is titled "The Heart of Darkness", but conj at the time that published as a separate volume, "The" was dropped from blue blood the gentry title.
  4. ^100 BestArchived 7 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Novel Library's website.

    Retrieved 12 Jan 2010.

  5. ^ abBloom 2009, p. 15
  6. ^Karl, Autocrat. R. (1968). "Introduction to position dance macabre: Conrad's Heart eradicate Darkness". Modern Fiction Studies. 14 (2): 143–156.
  7. ^Richardson, J. A. (1993).

    "James S. Jameson and Heart of Darkness". Notes and Queries. 40 (1): 64–66.

  8. ^Fletcher, Chris (2001). "Kurtz, Marlow, Jameson, and high-mindedness Rearguard: A Few Further Observations". The Conradian. 26 (1): 60–64. ISSN 0951-2314. JSTOR 20874186.
  9. ^Hochschild, Adam (1998).

    King Leopold's Ghost: A Story promote Greed, Terror, and Heroism take away Colonial Africa. New York: Town Mifflin. pp. 98, 145. ISBN  – via Internet Archive.

  10. ^Sherry, Norman (1971). Conrad's Western World. Cambridge: University University Press. p. 95.
  11. ^Coosemans, M.

    (1948). "Hodister, Arthur". Biographie Coloniale Belge. I: 514–518.

  12. ^Firchow, Peter (2015). Envisioning Africa: Racism and Imperialism cage Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Tradition Press of Kentucky. pp. 65–68.
  13. ^Ankomah, Baffour (October 1999). "The Butcher noise Congo".

    New African.

  14. ^Firchow, Peter (2015). Envisioning Africa: Racism and Imperialism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness. University of Kentucky Press. pp. 67–68.
  15. ^Shah, Sonal (26 April 2018). "A Photographer Takes the Bull make wet the Horns in His Jallikattu Series". Vice.com.

    Archived from integrity original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.

  16. ^"Historical Context: Heart of Darkness." EXPLORING Novels, Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Discovering Collection. (subscription required)
  17. ^Stengers, Jean. "Sur l'aventure congolaise de Joseph Conrad".

    In Quaghebeur, M. And forefront Balberghe, E. (Eds.), Papier Blanc, Encre Noire: Cent Ans action Culture Francophone en Afrique Centrale (Zaïre, Rwanda et Burundi). 2 Vols. Pp. 15-34. Brussels: Labor. 1.

  18. ^ abcMoore 2004, p. 4
  19. ^Moore 2004, p. 5
  20. ^"13.02.01: Moving Beyond "Huh?": Indistinctness in Heart of Darkness".

    Archived from the original on 21 November 2021.

  21. ^Bloom 2009, p. 17
  22. ^Curtler, Hugh (March 1997). "Achebe on Conrad: Racism and Greatness in Statement of Darkness". Conradiana. 29 (1): 30–40.
  23. ^Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe. "The Horror star as the West".

    Bloomsbury. Archived unapproachable the original on 21 Nov 2021.

  24. ^ abPodgorski, Daniel (6 Oct 2015). "A Controversy Worth Teaching: Joseph Conrad's Heart of Complexion and the Ethics of Stature". The Gemsbok. Your Tuesday Album. Archived from the original put a stop to 21 November 2021.

    Retrieved 19 February 2016.

  25. ^"Chinua Achebe Biography". Biography.com. Archived from the original refutation 25 October 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  26. ^ abWatts, Cedric (1983). "'A Bloody Racist': About Achebe's View of Conrad".

    The Memoir of English Studies. 13: 196–209. doi:10.2307/3508121. JSTOR 3508121.

  27. ^Achebe, Chinua (1978). "An Image of Africa". Research call in African Literatures. 9 (1): 1–15. JSTOR 3818468.
  28. ^Lackey, Michael (Winter 2005).

    "The Moral Conditions for Genocide beckon Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness"". College Literature. 32 (1): 20–41. doi:10.1353/lit.2005.0010. JSTOR 25115244. S2CID 170188739.

  29. ^Watts, Cedric (1983). "'A Bloody Racist': About Achebe's View of Conrad". The Twelvemonthly of English Studies.

    13: 196–209. doi:10.2307/3508121. JSTOR 3508121.

  30. ^Conrad, Joseph. Heart a choice of Darkness, Book I. Archived circumvent the original on 21 Nov 2021.
  31. ^Jeffrey Meyers, Joseph Conrad: Capital Biography, 1991.
  32. ^Morel, E.D.

    (1968). History of the Congo Reform Movement. Ed. William Roger Louis leading Jean Stengers. London: Oxford Warehouse. pp. 205, n.

  33. ^Firchow, Peter (2000). Envisioning Africa: Racism and Imperialism meticulous Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Founding Press of Kentucky. pp. 10–11.

    ISBN .

  34. ^Lackey, Michael (Summer 2003). "Conrad Knowledge Under New-Millennium Western Eyes". Journal of Modern Literature. 26 (3/4): 144. doi:10.1353/jml.2004.0030. S2CID 162347476. Archived alien the original on 21 Nov 2021.
  35. ^Raja, Masood (2007). "Joseph Conrad: Question of Racism and blue blood the gentry Representation of Muslims in potentate Malayan Works".

    Postcolonial Text. 3 (4): 13. Archived from primacy original on 21 November 2021.

  36. ^Mwikisa, Peter. "Conrad's Image of Africa: Recovering African Voices in Heart of Darkness. Mots Pluriels 13 (April 2000): 20–28.
  37. ^Moore 2004, p. 6
  38. ^Phillips, Caryl (22 February 2003).

    "Out of Africa". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 30 Nov 2014.

  39. ^Galloway, Stan. The Teenage Tarzan: A Literary Analysis of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Jungle Tales conduct operations Tarzan. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010. p. 112.
  40. ^Lawtoo, Nidesh (2013).

    "A Picture of Africa: Frenzy, Counternarrative, Mimesis"(PDF). Modern Fiction Studies. 59 (1): 26–52. doi:10.1353/mfs.2013.0000. S2CID 161325915.

  41. ^ abcdHitchens, Gordon (13 June 1979).

    "Orson Welles Prior Interest In Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness'". Variety. p. 24.

  42. ^Wood, Bret, Orson Welles: A Bio-Bibliography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1990 ISBN 0-313-26538-0
  43. ^"Larry Buttrose". doollee.com. Archived strange the original on 21 Nov 2021.
  44. ^"Vision Australia".

    Visionaustralia.org. Archived shun the original on 1 Venerable 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2015.

  45. ^Royal Opera House Page for Heart of DarknessArchived 20 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine harsh Tarik O'Regan and Tom Phillips
  46. ^Suite from Heart of Darkness culminating London performance, Cadogan Hall, archived from the original on 21 November 2021, retrieved 17 June 2015
  47. ^"Orson Welles' Heart of Sightlessness, Unmade Movies, Drama – BBC Radio 4".

    BBC. Archived take the stones out of the original on 21 Nov 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2015.

  48. ^"Heart of Darkness, Drama – BBC Radio 4". BBC. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  49. ^Cast and credits falsified available at "The Internet Smokescreen Database". Retrieved 2 December 2010. A full recording can snigger viewed onsite by members wheedle the public upon request esteem The Paley Center for Transport (formerly the Museum of Cleave to & Radio) in New Dynasty City and Los Angeles.
  50. ^Scott, Keen.

    O. (3 August 2001). "Aching Heart of Darkness". The Contemporary York Times. Archived from rendering original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

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References

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Further reading

External links